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The ALMA Survey of 70 mu m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). II. Molecular Outflows in the Extreme Early Stages of Protocluster Formation

Li, Shanghuo (author)
Chinese Academy of Sciences,Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Sanhueza, Patricio (author)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS),The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Zhang, Qizhou (author)
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Nakamura, Fumitaka (author)
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI),National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
Lu, Xing (author)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
Wang, Junzhi (author)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Liu, Tie (author)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Tatematsu, Ken'ichi (author)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
Jackson, James M. (author)
NASA Ames Research Center
Silva, Andrea (author)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
Guzman, Andres E. (author)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
Sakai, Takeshi (author)
University of Electro-Communications
Izumi, Natsuko (author)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS),Ibaraki University
Tafoya, Daniel, 1981 (author)
Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
Li, Fei (author)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Contreras, Yanett (author)
Universiteit Leiden (UL),Leiden University (UL)
Morii, Kaho (author)
University of Tokyo, Japan,National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
Kim, Kee-Tae (author)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute,University of Science and Technology (UST)
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 (creator_code:org_t)
2020-11-09
2020
English.
In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 903:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)
Abstract Subject headings
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  • We present a study of outflows at extremely early stages of high-mass star formation obtained from the ALMA Survey of 70 mu m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). Twelve massive 3.6-70 mu m dark prestellar clump candidates were observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Band 6. Forty-three outflows are identified toward 41 out of 301 dense cores using the CO and SiO emission lines, yielding a detection rate of 14%. We discover six episodic molecular outflows associated with low- to high-mass cores, indicating that episodic outflows (and therefore episodic accretion) begin at extremely early stages of protostellar evolution for a range of core masses. The time span between consecutive ejection events is much smaller than those found in more evolved stages, which indicates that the ejection episodicity timescale is likely not constant over time. The estimated outflow dynamical timescale appears to increase with core masses, which likely indicates that more massive cores have longer accretion timescales than less massive cores. The lower accretion rates in these 70 mu m dark objects compared to the more evolved protostars indicate that the accretion rates increase with time. The total outflow energy rate is smaller than the turbulent energy dissipation rate, which suggests that outflow-induced turbulence cannot sustain the internal clump turbulence at the current epoch. We often detect thermal SiO emission within these 70 mu m dark clumps that is unrelated to CO outflows. This SiO emission could be produced by collisions, intersection flows, undetected protostars, or other motions.

Subject headings

NATURVETENSKAP  -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (hsv//eng)
NATURVETENSKAP  -- Fysik -- Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Physical Sciences -- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology (hsv//eng)
NATURVETENSKAP  -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Miljövetenskap (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Environmental Sciences (hsv//eng)

Keyword

Massive stars
Protoclusters
Protostars
Star formation
Infrared dark clouds
Interstellar line emission
Interstellar medium
Stellar jets
Stellar winds

Publication and Content Type

art (subject category)
ref (subject category)

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