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- Hongo, T., et al.
(författare)
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Effects from the sensorimotor cortex on the spinal cord in cats with transected pyramids
- 1967
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 3, s. 117-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effects of stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex on activity of the lumbosacral cord were studied in pyramidotomized cats. The following actions initiated by corticofugal volleys were found: 1. postsynaptic effects on motoneurones, mainly excitatory in flexor motoneurones and inhibitory or excitatory in extensor motoneurones, 2. facilitation of spinal reflexes to motoneurones at an interneuronal level, 3. depolarization of presynaptic terminals of group Ib and cutaneous fibres. The latencies of the earliest cortical effects on motoneurones as indicated by modification of monosynaptic reflexes or PSPs were 9-12 msec. Experiments with lesions of different spinal tracts suggest that the effects on motoneurones are mediated mainly by pathways in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus (probably reticulospinal), the facilitation of reflex transmission by pathways in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus (probably rubrospinal) and primary afferent depolarization by both the former and the latter pathways. The strongest cortical effects were evoked by stimulation of an area around the postcruciate dimple. © 1967 Springer-Verlag.
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- Jankowska, Elzbieta, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of DOPA on the Spinal Cord 5. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha motoneurones of flexors and extensors
- 1967
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6772 .- 1365-201X. ; 70, s. 369-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In unanaesthetized spinal cats, injected with L‐DOPA, volleys in the flexor reflex afferents (FRA) evoke a long‐latency, longlasting discharge in ipsilateral flexor and contralateral extensor motoneurones. It is postulated that this discharge is transmitted by a neuronal pathway which is inhibited in the normal acute spinal cat, presumably from the pathway, which in this state transmits the shortlatency effect from the FRA to motoneurones. The organization of the pathway released by an injection of DOPA has been analyzed by recording the discharges in efferents to flexors and extensors and with intracellular records from motoneurones. Combined stimulation of ipsilateral and contralateral FRA reveals a reciprocal organization in that either flexor or extensor motoneurones are activated. Transmission from the ipsilateral FRA to flexor motoneurones can be inhibited by volleys in the contralateral FRA, and transmissiqn from the contralateral FRA to extensor motoneurones by volleys in the ipsilateral FRA. These inhibitory effects are neither produced postsynaptically in the motoneurones nor presynaptically by depolarization of primary afferents and are hence exerted at an interneuronal level. The organization of reciprocal innervation at an interneuronal level is discussed in relation to the primary afferent depolarization evoked in Ia afferent terminals after DOPA and to rhythmic alternating movements. © 1967 Scandinavian Physiological Society
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- Jankowska, Elzbieta, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of DOPA on the Spinal Cord 6. Half‐centre organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents
- 1967
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6772 .- 1365-201X. ; 70, s. 389-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In unanaesthetized spinal cats a systematic microelectrode exploration has been made in the lumbosacral spinal cord in order to find interneurones that may transmit the late longlasting reflex effects that volleys in the FRA (flexor reflex afferents) evoke after an intravenous injection of DOPA. Interneurones that may transmit these late effects are found in the lateral part of Rexed's layer VII and three main types are identified: A) cells activated from the ipsilateral FRA and inhibited from the contralateral FRA, B) cells activated from the contralateral FRA and inhibited from the ipsilateral FRA, C) cells activated from both the ipsilateral and contralateral FRA. The receptive fields and other criteria employed suggest that type A and B transmit excitatory action to flexor and extensor motoneurones respectively, and type C depolatization to Ia afferent terminals. The functional organization of these pathways is discussed mainly in relation to the mechanisms responsible for the long latency and duration of the discharge. © 1967 Scandinavian Physiological Society
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- Osei-Kofi, Ebenezer
(författare)
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The Family and Social Change in Ghana.
- 1967
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper deals with the effect of social change on the family and marriage institutions in Ghana. (1) An examination of the matrilineal family system of the Ashanti shows that bond between mother and child is very strong and that the lineage plays a very decisive part in the life of member. (2) Industrialisation, urbanisation, christianity, education and the introduction of cocoa have all contributed to the process of change being experienced in the country today. (3) Ghana´s contact with the Mohammedan and Christian religions has resulted in the fact that these religions have left an indelible mark on the marriage customs of the country. (4) Cross-cousin marriage and widow inheritance are on a decline. There is a trend towards conjugal family and an increasing recognition of patrilineal inheritance has been observed. Members of the younger generation are rebelling against the older generation´s constant attempt to interfere in their marital affairs. Independence of judgement in such matters is the goal of the average young Ghanaian.
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