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- Vanags, Peteris, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Latviešu valoda 17. gadsimta dokumentos [The Latvian Language in Documental Sources of the 17th Century]
- 2008
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Ingår i: Letonikas otrais kongress. Valodniecības raksti - 1.. - Riga : LU Latviešu Valodas institūts. - 978-9984-742-40-3 ; s. 63-73
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the 17th century Sweden was an imperial power in the Baltic Sea region, also in Vidzeme, the northern part of present-day Latvia. The best-known ancient publications in Latvian are from the 17th century. These include the Bible, several sacred song books and various juridical texts.This article deals with rare, unpublished historical sources that contain hitherto unknown fragments of the Latvian language. The majority of these manuscripts are church and school records.The authors give two short examples showing some fragments of the early Latvian written language. The first is an extract of a church legal deed, which reflects a standard juridical attestation in Latvian. The second is a specific fragment from another type of church legal deed, which probably represents everyday Latvian speech and includes some swear words.
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- Vanags, Peteris, 1962-
(författare)
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Latviešu valodas standartizācijas problēma 19. gadsimtā: valodas kopēju maiņa [Issues in Standardization of Latvian in the 19th Century: Changes in Planners]
- 2008
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Ingår i: Latvijas Universitātes raksti. - Riga : LU Akademiskais apgads. - 1407-2157. ; 731, s. 62-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 19th century, a number of important issues of written Latvian were considered:Should written Latvian exist and continue its development at all? 1.How to elaborate written Latvian? 2.Who was to determine the development principles of written Latvian and who was to 3. see that these were followed?The urgency of these basic questions was felt throughout the 19th century. They came to a head in the middle of the century, when the National Awakening began and when the activities of the Young Latvians, among them Juris Alunāns, picked up. Major changes in economic and social life had already determined that the development of the Latvian language was to be taken over by Latvian people themselves, and that step by step written Latvian was approaching the norms of spoken language. The German clergymen, who had been the main developers of the language up to then, lost their leading role. Thus, the German period in the standardization of written Latvian had come to an end, a fact which was acknowledged by both sides.
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- Vanags, Peteris, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Latviešu valodas vēsturiskās vārdnīcas (16.–17. gs.) projekts: problēmas un risinājumi. [Historical Dictionary of the Latvian Language (16-17th cc.): Issues and Solutions]
- 2012
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Ingår i: Apvienotais Pasaules latviešu zinātnieku III kongress un Letonikas IV kongress „Zinātne, sabiedrība un nacionālā identitāte”. : Valodniecības raksti.. - Riga : Latvijas Universitātes Latviešu valodas institūts. - 978-9984-742-67-0 ; s. 196-209
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The aim of the historical dictionary project is to create a full-type corpus-based dictionary of the early written Latvian texts. The main tasks cover the whole scope of the dictionary making process: to develop a necessary methodology, to write sample entries covering all POS, to make an electronic version of the entries; a further task is to find or to create a lexicographer’s workbench.Till now ca 500 entries have been compiled (~ 300 appellatives and ~ 200 proper names) and guidelines on dictionary entry writing have been set.The present report deals with issues concerning corpus compilation, finding spelling variants of the headword, detecting the meaning for lexemes with a small and a large number of occurrences. Special emphasis is put on the description of the origin of the lexeme, detecting lexical, derivational and semantic loans (according to Betz 1959 terminology Lehnwörter; Lehnbildungen; Lehnbedeutungen). Loans could be found among collocations and idioms, as well as in the syntax (German Lehnwendungen; Lehnsyntax. As the early sources are mainly religious texts, the special interest lies in religious discourse analysis.The Dictionary is the first and for the moment the only known corpus-based dictionary in Latvia. The input data is the Corpus of the Early Latvian Texts ‘SENIE’. The Corpus includes 43 full-text sources with almost 965, 000 tokens covering the 16–18th c.All main sources of the 16th c. are represented in the Corpus, but more data could be explored: 1) The Lord’s Prayer published in different collections; 2) manuscript data (songs, separate sentences). The huge quantity of 17th c. data should be added to the Corpus, e.g., The Old Testament; dictionaries, both printed and manuscripts; grammars; texts of the late 17 th c. and manuscripts (both ecclesiastic and clerical texts).One of the issues of corpus development is the unavailability of the early sources in Latvian libraries. Thus, international co-operation should be established in order to raise awareness of the Latvian texts kept in foreign collections and, if possible, to digitalize them.The early texts are rich in spelling variants which puzzle lexicographers, see five versions of the root māja ‘house’ written as follows: mahj-, mahy-, mai-, maj- and may-. In order to facilitate finding all the occurrences of the head word, a time-consuming solution is to rewrite all the texts in standardized form or to use some software to detect all the spelling variants. Such a solution is found for the Old English texts (software VARD — Variant Detector and the adoption of this practice is worth considering.In detecting the meaning of a lexeme, problems are caused by words with one or two occurrences in the Corpus and those with several thousand occurrences. By means of the concordance program one is able to process words with up to 2,000 occurrences. See the entry pasaule ‘world’ (1,528 occur at the moment of writing this entry) where not only word meanings with the first and the last citation are listed, but also a number of collocations are presented. While processing a headword with a large number of occurrences (e.g., the conjunction ka ‘that’ with >16,000 occurrences or Dievs ‘God’ > 11,000 occur.) the compilers decided to analyze only two sources per century in detail.If only one occurrence is met in the Corpus, additional sources should be examined to determine the meaning: other 17–18th c. dictionaries, dictionaries of different vernaculars, studies in history and botany, the Mülenbach-Endzelin dictionary, Grimm’s Das Deutsche Wörterbuch, in some cases (delete the) Luther’s Bible is consulted (e.g. pakaļazobi — Luther’s Backenzähne ‘molars’).The on-going Dictionary supplies new data for studies of the origin of Latvian words, it detects more precisely the time of the lexeme’s entry into the written language which in most cases is identical to the time of the word’s origin in general.The compilers of the Dictionary explore the former studies of semantic and lexical loans and only some new explanations or previously unrecognized lexemes are expected to be found. Derivational loans are a challenge for researchers, and new examples are found in corpus analysis, e.g., next to kapsēta ‘graveyard’ we can find the lexeme baznīcsēta ‘churchyard’, which is a derivational loan from Middle Low German kerkhof. In contemporary German Kirchhof is encountered, the same as Swedish kyrkogård.Early Latvian texts are rich in derivations and compounds the origins of which are still to be clarified. Hopefully, work with corpus, careful text analysis and comparison to possible source texts can supply new data for a historical dictionary and studies of the early religious lexis.
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- Vanags, Peteris, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Latviešu valodas vēsturiskās vārdnīcas (16.–18. gs.) projekts: pirmā posma rezultāti un turpmākie uzdevumi [The Early Latvian (16th-18yh century) Dictionary Project: Results of the First Period and Future Tasks]
- 2008
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Ingår i: Letonikas otrais kongress. Valodniecības raksti - 1.. - Riga : LU Latviešu valodas institūts. - 978-9984-742-40-3 ; s. 74-89
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2004, with the support of the Latvian Science Council, the project on the Historical Dictionary of Early Latvian (16-18th c.) (HDEL) is being carried out, on the basis of The Corpus of Early Written Latvian (CEWL) data. The HDEL is intended to be a full type dictionary, which is formed using both printed texts and hand-written texts. The creators of the dictionary will attempt to secure the interactive connection of entries with the CEWL data.At present, the working group has processed almost 500 entries: 300 appellatives and 173 proper nouns. At the same time instructions for preparing entries are being written, where special attention is given to how the entry word is chosen, how variants are presented, how meanings are explained and to questions concerning etymology, as well as how proper nouns are processed. In the instructions, the experiences of other historical dictionaries are noted, as well as possible solutions and what decisions have been made concerning a specific question.At the end of 2006, the construction of electronic entries was discussed, and the XML technology schema was designed. This is periodically renewed and updated, taking into account theoretical base changes. The participants of the work group have rewritten 50 entries from the .doc format into the new schema, and at the same time have found inconsequentialities in the way the entries were originally determined. At present, attempts are being made to find and test programmes with which entries can be electronically keyed in the future.That what has been achieved up to now can be called as the formation of routines for the HDEL. The basic instructions have been formed and preliminary work has been done. The work to follow is enormous and with a long time perspective, which has been shown by the history of dictionary writing. The next period has its specific assignments:1. to continue with the completion of the CEWL, which at the same time is also an independent project2. the improve and make more precise the instructions for forming dictionary entries3. to continue the work on new entries, to review and make more precise the existing entries4. to continue working on the electronic version of the dictionary5. to widen cooperation with similar historical and electronic dictionary projects.
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