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- Axelsson, Karin
(författare)
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Eating problems and nutritional status after stroke
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Eating problems and nutritional status were studied in a consecutive series of 104 stroke patients admitted to emergency hospital care. During their stay in hospital eating problems were observed in 46 patients. Certain common types of eating problems were identified: aberrant eating behaviour as regards chewing,lokalization or swallowing, eating small amounts, hoarding of food in the mouth, leakage of food from the mouth and unawareness of eating problems. Poor nutritional status occurred in 16 % of the patients on admission and in 22 % on discharge from the stroke unit.A subgroup of 32 patients hospitalized for 21 days or longer was studied for three weeks. On at least one occasion during these three weeks a poor nutritional status was observed in 18 patients, of whom 17 had eating problems.All subjects who had eating problems during their hospital stay, plus those patients without eating problems but with neurological deficits and those living in a nursing home one year after the stroke (n=36) were selected for a longitudinal study 18 months after the onset of stroke. Eating problems were identified in 23 of these patients during their hospital stay while 21 had such problems when they were followed up.Two patients who could not eat due to severe dysphagia (after a stroke) for three years and 18 months respectively, were successfully trained to eat normally. One patient exhibited impaired oral and hypopharyngeal function and the other impaired hypo- pharyngeal function and a spastic crico-pharyngeal muscle. In both patients training in swallowing was the main remedical measure and one of them also had a myotomy of the spastic muscle.
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| 2. |
- Edlund, Lars-Erik, 1953-
(författare)
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Studier över nordsvenska ortsboöknamn
- 1985
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with collective nicknames denoting the inhabitants of a place (parish, village etc.) in northern Sweden, i.e. names of the type arnästjuvar (denoting the inhabitants of the parish of Arnäs; tjuv 'thief') and tynderötuppar (denoting the inhabitants of the parish of Tynderö; tupp 'cock'). The main aim of the thesis is to explain why various nickname elements were chosen and to describe the general character of the nicknames of northern Sweden.These nicknames have been used collectively about the inhabitants of a certain place in a jocular or derogatory sense. They have been used above all in male-dominated contexts, e.g. in military camps. The nicknames are ethnocentric: they denote individuals in their capacity as members of a group. They are often related to other, similar names, so that they form series which are connected phonetically, semantically or from the point of view of word formation. The discussion of these aspects is based on Hugo Moser's research on "Namenfelder".Sources from about 1600 to the present day have been used as material. The bulk of the material consists of answers to questionnaires from the 20th century. Because of the construction of the questionnaires the material is to some extent imperfect.The nicknames often reflect various aspects of the society of the individuals, but today the explanation for names is quite often secondary and a result of folk-etymology. Some nicknames reflect the trades of the inhabitants, others social conditions, diet or dress, others ethnic conditions. The nickname strömmingar was often given to people living on the coast where fishing was an important source of income. The nickname element finnar reflects local settlement by Finns. Some nicknames probably reflect various linguistic conditions (dialectal pronunciation, characteristic place-names or personal names), pictures in local seals or historical events.Several nickname elements have been chosen through association with the form of the place-name or the name of the inhabitants, or with existing nicknames, referring either to the inhabitants themselves or their neighbours. There is often a similarity in sound between the place-name (or the name of the inhabitants) and nickname elements. We find e.g. alliteration, assonance and rhyme, or formations in which the place-name (or the name of the inhabitants, or part of it) is compounded with a nickname element to make up an appellative which already exists. The latter kind of formation may be illustrated with the nickname bergtroll ('mountain trolls') to denote those who live in S'àvaiberg (in the parish of Sävar). Some nicknames have as their basis an association from the place-name (or the name of the inhabitants) to the nickname element chosen. The associations are frequently difficult to trace. A nickname like orrlidtuppar (denoting those who live in Orrliden in the parish of Skellefteå) was no doubt chosen through association with the appellative orrtupp 'blackcock'. When the nickname smedstaspiken (denoting the inhabitants of Smedsta in the parish of Lit) was coined, the place-name element smed 'smith' was associated with the closely related spik 'nail'.A close analysis of nicknames denoting parish inhabitants in northern Sweden shows that there are often pairs (or series) of nicknames which are related phonetically (through alliteration, assonance or rhyme), semantically or morphologically, just as nicknames denoting neighbours may be connected in a similar way.Frequently, parish inhabitants have different names in relation to different neighbours. How innovations are introduced and spread is shown by the sfw/"/Z?wf-nicknames in the province of Ångermanland. An analysis of the nicknames denoting the inhabitants of parishes in north-eastern Ångermanland shows that the inhabitants of the old parishes have only one nickname each-a name which is known over a large area-while the inhabitants of the newer parishes have several nicknames. The reason why several nicknames are used to denote inhabitants in newer parishes seems to be that there was no old, unequivocal nickname tradition to fall back on.In the final chapter the importance of patterns for the formation of nicknames is stressed, but also the importance of creativity and coinages. A striking coinage has a great chance of becoming generally accepted and also of becoming the centre of new groups of nicknames.
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| 3. |
- Gärling, Anita
(författare)
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Parents' perceptions of children's accident risk
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of the present thesis was, first, to study how parents and other adults percieve or judge children’s accident risk, and, secondly, to relate such judgements to the subjects’ preferences for and satisfaction with different residential conditions.A theoretical framework is proposed which assumes that judgements of children’s accident risk are based on beliefs about what causes accidents to children. Such beliefs are furthermore assumed to be acquired more often from indirect sources than from own direct experiences. Nevertheless, because of parents’ higher motivation to protect their children, they are assumed to differ from other adults who are not parents with respect to their causal models and, as a consequence, their risk perceptions.To test some implications of the theoretical framework, three empirical studies were carried out in which parents and nonparents were requested to judge the risk children run of having accidents under different circumstances and to judge the strengths of five causes of such accidents, the parent, the child, the environment, other people, and chance. In two of the studies the subjects were also requested to express their preferences for different residential neighborhoods varying in traffic conditions, or satisfaction with their own residential conditions either as it is or if changed in different ways.Support for the implications of the theoretical framework was obtained in that causal explanations of accidents were shown to play a decisive role for judgements of accident risk. However, very slight differences were found between parents’ and nonparents’ causal models and risk perceptions. The results furthermore indicated that accident risk was of importance for parents’ satisfaction with their residential conditions if changes with perceived accident consequences were implemented. In this respect parents differed from nonparents. For the latter other things than children’s accident risk tended to be more important.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Pär, 1957-
(författare)
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Intra-industry trade: measurements, determinants and growth : a study of Swedish foreign trade
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The conclusions are that a traditional factor proportions model seems neither theoretically nor empirically to explaing IIT. However, a relaxation of the assumption of homogeneous products in an industry gives rise to several implications for IIT. Industry characteristics such as an industry’s factor intensity and the degree of product differentiation play important roles. The more extreme an industry is with regard to factor intensity, i.e., if an industry is very capital or very labor intensive, the smaller IIT is in that industry. The more differentiated the products, the less the elasticity of substitution in demand between different products in an industry, the larger the IIT. In order to test the latter, a new measure of product differentiation closely related to the concept in the theoretical model is developed. Furthermore, similarity in relative factor endowments in the trading countries and transaction costs - tariffs and transport costs - influence IIT. The more similar the relative factor endowments, the larger the IIT. The less the transaction costs, the greater the IIT.
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| 7. |
- Hultmark, Dan, 1949-
(författare)
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Insect immunity : Inducible antibacterial proteins from Hyalophora cecropia
- 1982
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A powerful bactericidal activity can be induced in the hemolymph of many insects as a response to an injection of bacteria. The nature of the effector molecules of this immune response was investigated, using pupae of the Cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia. Three major types of antibacterial proteins were found: the cecropins, the P5 proteins, and lysozyme. They appear in the hemolymph as a result of de novo synthesis.Six different cecropins were purified and characterized. The full amino acid sequences of the three major cecropins A, B and D were determined, as well as partial sequences of the three minor cecropins C, E and F. The cecropins are all very small (Mr = 4,000) and basic (pI > 9.5) proteins, and they show extensive homology in their sequences. The three major cecropins are products of different genes. Their C-terminals are blocked by uncharged groups, which can be removed by mild acid hydrolysis. The minor cecropins are closely related to the major forms, and may be unblocked precursors or, in one case (cecropin F), a minor allelic form. The cecropins were shown to be lytic, and to be efficient against several Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains, but not against mammalian cells.The P5 proteins are bactericidal proteins, larger than the cecropins (Mr = 20,000 - 23,000). Six forms, differing in isoelectric point, were isolated. They form two closely related groups, the basic (P5 A-D) and the acidic forms (P5 E-F). Within each group, the different forms have almost identical amino acid compositions.The Cecropia lysozyme is similar to lysozymes isolated from other insects, as well as to that from hen egg white. It is lytic to a restricted number of Gram positive bacteria.The presence of cecropins and other antibacterial factors was demon-strated also in other lepidopterans, notably Galleria mellonella, and may explain earlier observations of antibacterial factors in the latter species.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lindblom, Else Britt, 1926-
(författare)
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Studier över önamnen i Luleå skärgård
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to present and examine the names of the islands in the archipelago of Luleå innorthern Sweden. The basis for the studies is a collection of names, which contains written forms excerpted from sources from the 14th to the 20th century and local pronunciations of old as well as modern names. The names ofthe islands in the collection have been studied from three aspects.The first study (chapter 2) deals with the structure of the names and especially that of names of islands in double compound. The lack of s in names like Storhäll-grundet, where dialects in the south of Sweden and Standard Swedish would have Storhällsgrundet, is the starting point of the investigation. (Some double compounds have s in the compounding link like Bullerskärs-grundet. They are also discussed.)The hypothesis advanced is that the dialectal distribution of the accent in the names in northern Sweden makes it possible to show where the link in the double compound is, so the 5, which in Standard Swedish and in the dialects in the south of Sweden is needed to mark the semantic limit between the parts of the compound, is not needed in the dialects of northern Sweden.The stress in double compounds of the type AB-C (see above) is on the last element of the name or word: ——. Names in double compound of the type A-BC like Lill-Kvarnören have a different type of accent: — — with the stress on the first element of the name or word. The two different main accents in double compounds of the type AB-C and A-BC: — — — and — — — have the status of markers showing where the compounding link in the compound is, so the s is not needed in the compounds of the type AB-C in the dialects of northern Sweden. The study includes names of islands containing double compounds in the whole of Norrbotten and appellative double compounds from a collection of words from a village in Nederluleå.The second study (chapter 3) deals with the relationship between the names and the land uplift. The Bothnian Bay is an area of rapid land uplift. The land uplift has its highest estimated values, 0,9 meters in 100 years, on the coast north of Skellefteå up to Luleå. Many names of islands have disappeared because the islands have been uplifted, especially in what used to be large bays, now large shallow lakes like Persöfjärden. New water-surrounded areas have on the other hand been named like Sandgrönnorna, described from old maps from 1790 and from photographs from 1946.Chapter 3 consists of three sections, in which separate studies of names in relation to the land uplift are presented. The first section deals with the names ending in -grundet, -grunden. Originally names of under-water localities, they are now names of small islands and grundet has changed its denotation to 'small island' in the area. The second section in chapter 3 presents a method for the dating of names of island in uplifted areas. Many large islands, now uplifted, still have the names they had as water-surrounded islands. By following the equidistance curves around the locality it is possible to find out at what equidistance it was surrounded by water. Before that time it must have been named as an island. That is terminus ante quem, TAQ, for the name. The third section deals with the names of vattung, which can be dated from the time of their rise above the sea level. A vattung, 5 meters high, can thus be about 500 years old, terminus post quem, TPQ, about 1450. The studies presented above show that some names can be dated to the Viking Age.The third study (chapter 4) deals with the names of large islands and the colonization. The colonization period of the northern part of Sweden is reflected in many names of large islands containing personal names like Hertsön and Germandön. No archipelago in Scandinavia shows such an amount of names of islands containing personal names. Most personal names are Nordic and can be compared to those in the names ending in -mark in Västerbotten and the south of Norrbotten. - Some of the names of islands containing personal names have also been dated in chapter 3. They are among the oldest names in Nederluleå.In chapter 5 the names in the studies are put in relation to the historical and archaeological records in Norrbotten and can thus contribute to throwing light upon the colonization period of northern Sweden.
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