| 1. |
- Nyberg, Jonna, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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How does driving license withdrawal affect subjective well-being? A Swedish comparative survey study of visual field loss
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has found strong relationships between access to transport, accessibility of activities, and subjective well-being (SWB), and society is said to be car dependent. Accordingly, this study investigates, in a Swedish context, whether and how withdrawal of a driving license for a private car due to visual field loss (VFL) affects SWB. A web survey was used for statistical comparisons of three respondent groups (n = 436): people with a driving license, people with a driving license and VFL, and people whose driving license was withdrawn due to VFL. The inclusion criterion for all participants was that they should have a diagnosis that could cause VFL. The no-license group had lower overall SWB than did respondents with driving licenses. The no-license group also perceived less access to transport means in order to live a life to be satisfied with than did the other groups. The most used transport means in the no-license group was getting a lift in a car, though this group had a strong desire to drive a car. Few respondents in the license groups wanted to use specific transport means to a greater extent, car driving being the most used transport means. Some inter-group differences were seen regarding how access to activities (measured by frequency of actual trips) affected SWB. This study found a significant negative effect of driving license withdrawal on SWB. However, the results imply that qualitative aspects other than the relationship between the frequencies of trips and activities might also affect SWB, and more research on this subject is needed.
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| 2. |
- Nyberg, Jonna, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Welfare consequences for individuals whose driving licenses are withdrawn due to visual field loss : A Swedish example
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport & Health. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1413. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- HighlightsNegative consequences in many welfare dimensions due to driving license withdrawal.Car-oriented land use affect the ability to use alternative transport.Strong links between transport access, participation in activities, and welfare.Perceptions of unfairness concerning the license withdrawal due to visual field loss.Reduced citizen trust in government regulations/decisions warrants further research.
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| 3. |
- Rutberg, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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My Way to School Through a Camera Lens: Involving Children to Inform a Policy Recommendation on Active School Travel
- 2024
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Ingår i: Health Promotion Practice. - : Sage Publications. - 1524-8399 .- 1552-6372.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Active school travel (AST) is an effective approach for increasing children’s physical activity and independent mobility, but policy supporting AST is lacking. This study aims to explore children’s experiences of AST to inform a policy recommendation. Photovoice methodology with a qualitative approach was applied, with children taking pictures on their way to school. This was followed by focus groups where the children explored their experiences of AST based on their photos. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that the children valued independent mobility and wanted to be involved in decisions about their travels; they also expressed feelings of increased responsibility and personal growth as a consequence. Although the children recognized areas of improvement regarding infrastructure, especially regarding heavy traffic that jeopardized travel safety, they continued using AST. Finally, the children talked about the value of the health and environmental benefits of AST. Opportunities for friendship, play, and making decisions about their own time were highlighted as important incentives. The benefits from AST are many for children, as well as for society. The result has informed policy recommendations for AST, and the children’s input will be used to communicate the recommendations. Listening to the voices of children could be a steppingstone toward forming future healthy mobility initiatives. In that process, it is key to include children’s perspectives when formulating the AST policy for successful adoption and implementation.
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| 4. |
- Hansen, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Svenska flygplatser och marginalkostnadsprissättning
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is commissioned by the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority. The aim is to update the knowledge regarding the price relevant costs of aviation. We distinguish between marginal costs caused by airport activities and those caused by the external effects of pollution and noise. The review shows that vital data is missing regarding the activities and effects of aviation in order to perform solid marginal cost calculations. In the report we have calculated approximative values for two types of airplanes. Marginal costs related to airport services are divided into those related to passenger services and those related to congestion services. We conclude that the Swedish charges are at least twice as high as marginal costs. We do, however, lack any estimation of the congestion-related marginal costs. Regarding the external effects, today's charges concerning the landing and take-off cycle are sufficient although partly mischarged since they only reflect NOx-emissions. Moreover it should be examined if emissions during flying should be charged or not. The conclusion of this report is that more research is needed in this area. This concerns studies dealing with Swedish airports as well as making cost data publicly available.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory measurements in policy coordinated practices : The case of promoting renewable energy and cleaner transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International organisations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), are seeking to implement a cohesive Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) system in order to achieve better regulation and increased unity and transparency. Central to these evaluations is the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and related tools. A comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the EU shows that many assessments lack important economic components. This paper draws on an extensive document study of the Swedish policy making process related to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to examine how CBA is presented, negotiated and accounted for by central actors within a policy setting influenced by negotiation and policy coordination. The paper departs from a theoretical perspective on policy coordination and shows how this factor must be considered when explaining the low use of CBA. It concludes that the Swedish policy tradition, wherein the national government relies on consensus-based coordination between agencies, might counteract a more explicit assessment of different policy options. The paper also proposes a model that can be used for further studies on CBA and policy coordination.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Politiska krav och tjänstemäns roll för analys av och beslut om styrmedel : Sammanfattande slutrapport
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En hållbar utveckling innebär att samhällets begränsade resurser används på ett effektivt sätt med hänsyn tagen till sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenser. För att uppnå önskade samhällsmål på ett effektivt sätt behöver olika aspekter vägas in vid utformning av styrmedel. Inom EU föregås beslut om regleringar av en så kallad Regleringskonsekvensbeskrivning (Regulatory Impact Assessment) där samhällsekonomisk analys ingår. Forskning och olika utredningar har visat att Sverige saknar en etablerad praxis för att genomföra denna typ av konsekvensanalyser på miljö, men även energi- och transportområdet. I detta projekt är syftet att undersöka hur Sverige arbetar med de analyser av detta slag som genomförs inom EU inför förhandlingar men också att studera orsaker till att de används eller inte används. Fokus ligger på förutsättningar inom en myndighet, men även vilken betydelse som tjänstemän har för vilka underlag som tas fram inför beslut om utformning av regleringar/styrmedel.Den övergripande slutsats som kan dras av de tre delstudierna som ingått i projektet, samt diskussionen på avslutningsseminariet, är att detta inte är ett etablerat arbetssätt i det svenska förvaltningssystemet. Detta kan förklaras av brist på kompetens, en etablerad misstro, målstyrning samt avsaknad av ett institutionellt ramverk för när och hur denna typ av bredare konsekvensanalyser ska genomföras. Vid avslutningsseminariet framkom att Naturvårdsverket nu arbetar med en vägledning för att hjälpa tjänstemän att i ett tidigt skede analysera om det finns behov av regleringar från samhällets sida, att inleda arbetet med att ställa frågan ”Vad är problemet?”. Vi bedömer att detta är ett steg i rätt riktning men ser också att de nationalekonomer som arbetar ute på myndigheter ofta är ensamma eller väldigt få och därmed kan behöva olika former av stöd för att kunna utveckla arbetet med denna typ av, ofta komplexa, analyser på sin myndighet.
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| 8. |
- Nyberg, Jonna, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Distrust of Authorities : Experiences of Outcome and Processes of People Who Had Their Driving License Withdrawn Due to Visual Field Loss
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-0760. ; 10:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citizens’ trust of authorities is of general importance, as it can affect trust in society as awhole. The Swedish Transport Agency is a state administrative authority responsible for drivinglicense withdrawal. If withdrawals are experienced as unfair by those affected, this might leadto decreased trust in the agency and in other actors involved. This study accordingly examineshow the experiences of people who have had their driving license for a private car withdrawndue to visual field loss might affect their distrust of the authorities, as related to outcomes andprocesses. Follow-up interviews were conducted with nine people from a previous study. Contentanalysis revealed one overarching theme, struggling for justice within a system perceived as unfair, whichcomprised four identified categories: preparedness for and understanding of the withdrawn driving license(WDL); perceptions of assessment methods, reactions and actions regarding the decision, and perceptions ofthe authorities’ performance. In sum, the vision tests on which withdrawals are based were perceivedas unfair, as they did not measure individual driving ability. Furthermore, rejections of appeals led tofeelings of hopelessness. Distrust regarding outcomes and processes related to the withdrawals wasalso fueled by experiences of deficiencies regarding, for example, performance and information.
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| 9. |
- Nyberg, Jonna, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Experienced processes and outcomes of driving license withdrawal due to visual field loss : A Swedish survey study of trust in authorities
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier. - 2590-1982. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citizen perceptions of justice, regarding both processes and outcomes, are closely related to the perceived legitimacy of the authorities involved and are thus significant for trust. This study investigates how a withdrawn driving license due to visual field loss might affect trust in the authorities involved in withdrawal processes and outcomes: the health-care system, the Swedish Transport Agency, and the judicial system. The factors influencing trust were investigated as was whether the withdrawal experience had changed the trust in other authorities not involved in the withdrawal process. Also, the aetiology of the visual field loss and gender were investigated.A survey study was conducted in which 402 Swedish respondents with visual field loss and a withdrawal experience participated. Variance, regression, and content analyses were conducted. The following conceptual factors were used in understanding trust: Benevolence, Openness, Integrity, Ability, and Value Congruence.The results revealed that processes and outcomes affected the overall trust in all three authorities, although the highest trust was in the health-care system (but still low). Diagnosis, but not gender, was important for the experienced trust. Differences in levels of trust in each authority were related to the aetiology of the diagnosis. Benevolence and Ability were the trust factors most important for overall trust in the health-care system and the Swedish Transport Agency. For some respondents (46%), the negative experiences of the withdrawal had worsened their trust in other, not involved authorities, as well.
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| 10. |
- Jussila Hammes, Johanna, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Influence of Individual Characteristics and Institutional Norms on Bureaucrats' Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Choice Experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2194-5888 .- 2152-2812. ; 12:2, s. 258-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A commonly assumed reason for the delegation of authority from a legislature (politicians) to bureaucracies is that the bureaucrats have an information advantage over the politicians, including knowledge of cost-benefit analysis (CBA). But it is reasonable to assume that the bureaucrats use their information advantage by taking all relevant aspects of policy into account? We model the use of CBA using a delegation model and then test the theoretical predictions with empirical data collected from five Swedish government agencies. The empirical results lend support both for the hypothesis that risk aversion concerning the environmental outcome, the bureaucrats' environmental attitudes, and the cost of taking CBA information into account have a considerable impact on the probability of using information from a CBA. Hence risk averse and bureaucrats with strong environmental preferences are less likely and bureaucrats with low cost of doing a CBA more likely than other bureaucrats to use CBA information. Finally, a binding governmental budget constraint may positively influence a bureaucrat's choice of using CBA information. A tentative conclusion is therefore that it may be possible to increase the use of CBA by making the budgetary consequences of policies much clearer and demanding due consideration of costs.
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