| 1. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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The Cognitive Interview and its effect on witnesses' confidence
- 2004
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. ; 10:1, s. 37-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today there is ample evidence that the Cognitive Interview (CI) enhances witnesses' memory. However, less is known about how the CI affects eyewitnesses' confidence. To address this shortcoming we conducted a study analyzing how realism in confidence was affected by the CI. All participants were first shown a filmed kidnapping. After 2 weeks we interviewed one-third of the participants according to the guidelines of the CI, one-third according to a Standard Interview (SI), and one-third were not interviewed at all (Control condition). Participants in all three conditions were then asked to answer 45 forced-choice questions, and to give a confidence judgment after each choice. For the questions, no differences in accuracy were found between the three conditions. Confidence was higher in the CI and SI conditions, compared with the Control condition. CI and SI did not differ in meta-cognitive realism but both showed lower realism compared with the Control condition, although only CI significantly so. The results indicate that the inflation in confidence is more likely to be explained in terms of a reiteration effect, than as a consequence of the particular mnemonics characterizing the CI (e.g. "mental reinstatement of context"). In sum, CI does not seem to impair (or improve) the realism in witnesses' confidence, and does not inflate confidence in erroneous recall, compared to a SI.
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| 2. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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The usual and the unusual suspects: Level of suspicion and counter-interrogation tactics.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. ; 6:2, s. 129-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates guilty mock-suspects’ counter-interrogation tactics with respect to the disclosure of possibly self-incriminating information. Specifically, to what extent the disclosure of this information was moderated by (a) the suspects’ criminal experience (naïve vs. experienced), and (b) the degree of suspicion directed towards the suspects (low vs. high). We found that experienced (vs. naïve) suspects volunteered less self-incriminating information in an initial free recall phase. In a similar vein, when asked crime-specific questions, naïve (vs. experienced) suspects admitted having committed more actions fitting with the crime under investigation. Furthermore, experienced suspects’ willingness to report information was not affected by the degree of suspicion, whereas naïve suspects in the high-suspicion (vs. low-suspicion) condition were more willing to report information. The results are discussed in the light of the psychology of guilt, the Strategic Use of Evidence technique for detecting deception, and the (over)use of naïve suspects as mock-suspects in psycho-legal research.
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| 3. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Child witnesses’ metamemory realism
- 2006
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 47, s. 461-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the degree of realism in the confidence judgments of 11-12 year old children (N=81) of their answers to questions relating to a short film clip showing a kidnapping event. Four different confidence scales were used: a numeric scale, a picture scale, a line scale, and a written scale. The results demonstrated that the children showed a high level of overconfidence in their memories. However, no significant differences between the four confidence scales were found. The results indicate that, at least in the context investigated, 11-12 year-old children’s confidence in their event memory show poor realism. A comparison with previous research on adults indicates that children show noticeably poorer realism.
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| 4. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of source and type of feedback on child witnesses' metamemory accuracy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 19:3, s. 331-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of feedback on the accuracy (realism) of 12-year-old children's metacognitive judgments of their answers to questions about a film clip. Two types of judgments were investigated: confidence judgments (on each question) and frequency judgments (i.e. estimates of overall accuracy). The source of feedback, whether it was presented as provided by a teacher or a peer child, did not influence metacognitive accuracy. Four types of feedback were given depending on whether the participant's answer was correct and depending on whether the feedback confirmed or disconfirmed the child's answer. The children showed large overconfidence when they received confirmatory feedback but much less so when they received disconfirmatory feedback. The children gave frequency judgments implying that they had more correct answers than they actually had. No main gender differences were found for any of the measures. The results indicate a high degree of malleability in children's metacognitive judgments.
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| 5. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Partners in Crime: How Liars in Collusion Betray Themselves
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 33:4, s. 848-868
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paradigmatic task for participants in studies on deception is to assess veracity on the basis of a single statement. However, in applied contexts, lie catchers are often faced with multiple statements (reported by one or several suspects). To appreciate this mismatch, we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs (reporting fabricated alibis) was interrogated twice about an alibi. As predicted, lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than were truth-telling pair members, and single liars and truth tellers were equally consistent over time. Furthermore, truth tellers made more commissions than did liars. Although in line with our repeat vs. reconstruct hypothesis, these findings contrast sharply with beliefs held by professional lie catchers and recommendations found in literature on deception detection. The results are translated into an applied psycholegal context.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Strömwall, Leif, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Deception among pairs: "Let's say we had lunch and hope they will swallow it!"
- 2003
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1477-2744 .- 1068-316X. ; 9:2, s. 109-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception research has neglected the fact that legal-workers often have to try to detect deceit on the basis of statements derived from pairs of suspects, each having been interrogated repeatedly. To remedy this shortcoming we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs was interrogated twice about an alibi. One hundred and twenty undergraduate students were enrolled as lie-catchers. The main findings were that (a) overall deception detection accuracy was modest; (b) lie-catchers given access to a large number of statements did not outperform lie-catchers given access to a lesser number of statements; (c) when asked to justify their veracity assessments the most frequently reported cue was 'consistency within pairs of suspects'; (d) all cues to deception were of low diagnostic value. Psycho-legal aspects of integrating sequential information in deception detection contexts are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Leander, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Children's Reports of Verbal Sexual Abuse : Effects of Police Officers' Interviewing Style
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1321-8719 .- 1934-1687. ; 16:3, s. 340-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present study was to assess how individual differences in interviewing style affected children's reports of verbal sexual abuse. Specifically, individual differences were analysed with regard to establishing rapport and type of questions, between four police officers (that in sum interviewed 61 children) and their effects on the richness and accuracy of children's reports. The children's reports were coded by counting all informative details (richness) and by matching the children's statements with transcripts made by the perpetrator (accuracy). The interviewers' utterances were coded into two categories corresponding to either establishing rapport or the question phase. A positive association was found between (a) the number of rapport-establishing utterances and the number of questions asked, as well as between (b) the number of questions asked and the richness of the children's reports. More specifically, a stronger association was found between specific questions and richness, than between open-ended questions and richness. This study points to the importance of interviewing style in elicitation of information from children reporting about sexual abuse. The interviews that included a well-established rapport also included a high frequency of questions, which in turn resulted in rich reports from the children.
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| 9. |
- Magnusson, Mikaela, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish police officers strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 45-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Research-based interviewing techniques typically rely upon suspects being, at least partially, responsive and engaged in the conversation. To date, the scientific literature is more limited regarding situations where suspects exercise their legal right to silence. The present study aimed to examine Swedish police officers self-reported strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions. Methods A total of 289 police officers responded to a national survey that included questions about handling silence. The participants worked with a wide range of criminal cases, including financial crimes, fraud, violent offences, domestic abuse, volume crime and traffic violations. We used content analysis to examine their written responses to the open-ended question: What, if any, strategies do you use when interviewing suspects who speak very little or not at all? Results Four main categories were identified relating to (1) question strategies (e.g. asking the questions anyway, using silence), (2) information strategies (e.g. emphasizing the benefits of cooperating and informing about their legal right to silence), (3) supportive strategies (e.g. being friendly and asking about reasons for silence) and (4) procedural strategies (e.g. changing interviewers and conducting multiple interviews). Practitioners working with violent crimes reported meeting silent suspects more frequently compared with practitioners working with other criminal offences. Conclusions The results provide an initial exploration into the various strategies used by police interviewers when questioning suspects who decline to answer questions. Further research is necessary for understanding and evaluating the ethics and effectiveness of such strategies.
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| 10. |
- Roos Af Hjelmsäter, Emma, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of odour reinstatement on children's episodic memory
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 21:5, s. 471-481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children's memory reports are often sparse, which increases the need for efficient interview methods. The present study investigated whether odour reinstatement can aid children's memory and increase the amount of information recalled from an experienced event. Children (N = 106, mean age 10 years, 8 months) experienced a magic show where a vanilla odour was present and were interviewed about their memory of the event either one week, or six months, after the magic show. During the interview, half of the children re-experienced the same vanilla odour. In contrast to studies on adult participants, no odour-reinstatement effect was found with the child participants in the present study. On the other hand, odour reinstatement reduced the children's ratings of how strong their emotions were during the event. Thus, odour reinstatement may affect different forensically relevant factors, and this should be considered in future research.
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