| 1. |
- Henningsson, Susanne, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Sex steroid-related genes and male-to-female transsexualism
- 2005
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Ingår i: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - Oxford : Pergamon Press. - 0306-4530 .- 1873-3360. ; 59:5, s. 412-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transsexualism is characterised by Lifelong discomfort with the assigned sex and a strong identification with the opposite sex. The cause of transsexualism is unknown, but it has been suggested that an aberration in the early sexual differentiation of various brain structures may be involved. Animal experiments have revealed that the sexual differentiation of the brain is mainly due to an influence of testosterone, acting both via androgen receptors (ARs) and-after aromatase-catalyzed conversion to estradiol-via estrogen receptors (ERs). The present study examined the possible importance of three polymorphisms and their pairwise interactions for the development of male-to-female transsexualism: a CAG repeat sequence in the first exon of the AR gene, a tetra nucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of the aromatase gene, and a CA repeat polymorphism in intron 5 of the ER beta gene. Subjects were 29 Caucasian male-to-female transsexuals and 229 healthy mate controls. Transsexuals differed from controls with respect to the mean Length of the ER repeat polymorphism, but not with respect to the length of the other two studied polymorphisms. However, binary logistic regression analysis revealed significant partial effects for all three polymorphisms, as well as for the interaction between the AR and aromatase gene polymorphisms, on the risk of developing transsexualism. Given the small number of transsexuals in the study, the results should be interpreted with the utmost caution. Further study of the putative role of these and other sex steroid-related genes for the development of transsexualism may, however, be worthwhile.
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| 2. |
- Wijk, Helle, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Verksamhetsförlagd utbildning på avancerad nivå : ny utmaning för specialistutbildningar för sjuksköterskor
- 2009
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Ingår i: Vård i Norden. - København : Sjuksköterskornas samarbete i Norden. - 0107-4083 .- 1890-4238. ; 29:94, s. 41-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this article is to discuss challenges in the development of Specialist Nursing Educations as a result of the 2007 Swedish Higher EducationReform: the implementation of the so-called Bologna process. Certain challenges follow this reform, particularly since the specialist nursingprogrammes will be part of the second cycle of the higher education system, and it will be possible to combine the professional degree witha masters degree (one year). Possible strategies in four areas related to the Specialist Nursing Education are discussed: integration of researchbasedknowledge, experienced-based knowledge, improvement knowledge, and strategies for collaboration between university institutions andclinics. Specific didactical issues are raised.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Thordstein, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in electrocortical activity in human neonates
- 2006
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Ingår i: Neuroreport. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0959-4965 .- 1473-558X. ; 17:11, s. 1165-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebral cortical activity in healthy, full-term human neonates (10 boys and 10 girls) was evaluated using spectral estimation of electroencephalogram frequency content with new equipment and analysis technique allowing the assessment of the lowest frequencies (i.e. infraslow waves). The activity was analysed under quiet sleep and active wakefulness taking sex into consideration. During sleep, the mean amount of infraslow activity was 27% larger in boys, whereas during wakefulness the average amount of higher frequencies was 17% larger in girls. Both these differences indicate an earlier maturation of cortical function in girls than in boys.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ericson, Marica, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis at varying fluence rates : Assessment of photobleaching, pain and primary clinical outcome
- 2004
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Ingår i: British Journal of Dermatology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0963 .- 1365-2133. ; 151, s. 1204-1212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is becoming an important treatment method for skin lesions such as actinic keratosis (AK) and superficial basal cell carcinoma, there are still discussions about which fluence rate and light dose are preferable. Recent studies in rodents have shown that a low fluence rate is preferable due to depletion of oxygen at high fluence rates. However, these results have not yet been verified in humans. Objectives: The objective was to investigate the impact of fluence rate and spectral range on primary treatment outcome and bleaching rate in AK using aminolaevulinic acid PDT. In addition, the pain experienced by the patients has been monitored during treatment. Patients/methods Thirty-seven patients (mean age 71 years) with AK located on the head, neck and upper chest were treated with PDT, randomly allocated to four groups: two groups with narrow filter (580-650 nm) and fluence rates of 30 or 45 mW cm-2, and two groups with broad filter (580-690 nm) and fluence rates of 50 or 75 mW cm-2. The total cumulative light dose was 100 J cm-2 in all treatments. Photobleaching was monitored by fluorescence imaging, and pain experienced by the patients was registered by using a visual analogue scale graded from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain). The primary treatment outcome was evaluated at a follow-up visit after 7 weeks. Results: Our data showed a significant correlation between fluence rate and initial treatment outcome, where lower fluence rate resulted in favourable treatment response. Moreover, the photo-bleaching dose (1/e) was found to be related to fluence rate, ranging from 4.5 ± 1.0 J cm -2 at 30 mW cm-2, to 7.3 ± 0.7 J cm-2 at 75 mW cm-2, indicating higher oxygen levels in tissue at lower fluence rates. After a cumulative light dose of 40 J cm-2 no further photobleaching took place, implying that higher doses are excessive. No significant difference in pain experienced by the patients during PDT was observed in varying the fluence rate from 30 to 75 mW cm-2. However, the pain was found to be most intense up to a cumulative light dose of 20 J cm-2. Conclusions: Our results imply that the photobleaching rate and primary treatment outcome are dependent on fluence rate, and that a low fluence rate (30 mW cm-2) seems preferable when performing PDT of AK using noncoherent light sources.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A proposed time-resolved X-ray scattering approach to track local and global conformational changes in membrane transport proteins
- 2008
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Ingår i: Structure. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-2126 .- 1878-4186. ; 16:1, s. 21-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time-resolved X-ray scattering has emerged as a powerful technique for studying the rapid structural dynamics of small molecules in solution. Membrane-protein-catalyzed transport processes frequently couple large-scale conformational changes of the transporter with local structural changes perturbing the uptake and release of the transported substrate. Using light-driven halide ion transport catalyzed by halorhodopsin as a model system, we combine molecular dynamics simulations with X-ray scattering calculations to demonstrate how small-molecule time-resolved X-ray scattering can be extended to the study of membrane transport processes. In particular, by introducing strongly scattering atoms to label specific positions within the protein and substrate, the technique of time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering can reveal both local and global conformational changes. This approach simultaneously enables the direct visualization of global rearrangements and substrate movement, crucial concepts that underpin the alternating access paradigm for membrane transport proteins.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Pontus, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Radiative lifetimes of metastable states of negative ions
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622 .- 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 73, s. 032705-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a technique for measuring the radiative lifetimes of metastable states of negative ions that involves the use of a heavy-ion storage ring. The method has been applied to investigate the radiative decay of the np(3) P-2(1/2) levels of Te-(n=5) and Se-(n=4) and the 3p(3) D-2 state of Si- for which the J=3/2 and 5/2 levels were unresolved. All of these states are metastable and decay primarily by emission of E2 and M1 radiation. Multi Configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock calculations of rates for the transitions in Te- and Se- yielded lifetimes of 0.45 s and 4.7 s, respectively. The measured values agree well with these predicted values. In the case of the D-2 state of Si-, however, our measurement was only able to set a lower limit on the lifetime. The upper limit of the lifetime that can be measured with our apparatus is set by how long the ions can be stored in the ring, a limit determined by the rate of collisional detachment. Our lower limit of 1 min for the lifetime of the D-2 state is consistent with both the calculated lifetimes of 162 s for the D-2(3/2) level and 27.3 h for the D-2(5/2) level reported by O'Malley and Beck and 14.5 h and 12.5 h, respectively, from our Breit-Pauli calculations.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Vincent, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Solvent dependent structural perturbations of chemical reaction intermediates visualized by time-resolved x-ray diffraction
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 130:15, s. 154502-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafast time-resolved wide angle x-ray scattering from chemical reactions in solution has recently emerged as a powerful technique for determining the structural dynamics of transient photochemical species. Here we examine the structural evolution of photoexcited CH2I2 in the nonpolar solvent cyclohexane and draw comparisons with a similar study in the polar solvent methanol. As with earlier spectroscopic studies, our data confirm a common initial reaction pathway in both solvents. After photoexcitation, CH2I2 dissociates to form CH2I center dot+I center dot. Iodine radicals remaining within the solvent cage recombine with a nascent CH2I center dot radical to form the transient isomer CH2I-I, whereas those which escape the solvent cage ultimately combine to form I-2 in cyclohexane. Moreover, the transient isomer has a lifetime approximately 30 times longer in the nonpolar solvent. Of greater chemical significance is the property of time-resolved wide angle x-ray diffraction to accurately determine the structure of the of CH2I-I reaction intermediate. Thus we observe that the transient iodine-iodine bond is 0.07 A +/- 0.04 A shorter in cyclohexane than in methanol. A longer iodine-iodine bond length for the intermediate arises in methanol due to favorable H-bond interaction with the polar solvent. These findings establish that time-resolved x-ray diffraction has sufficient sensitivity to enable solvent dependent structural perturbations of transient chemical species to be accurately resolved.
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