| 1. |
- Sattari, Amir, 1980-
(författare)
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Investigations of Flow Patterns in Ventilated Rooms Using Particle Image Velocimetry : Applications in a Scaled Room with Rapidly Varying Inflow and over a Wall-Mounted Radiator
- 2015
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Konstnärligt arbete (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis introduces and describes a new experimental setup for examining the effects of pulsating inflow to a ventilated enclosure. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that a pulsating inflow has potential to improve ventilation quality by reducing the stagnation zones through enhanced mixing. The experimental setup, which was a small-scale, two-dimensional (2D), water-filled room model, was successfully designed and manufactured to be able to capture two-dimensional velocity vectors of the entire field using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Using in-house software, it was possible to conclude that for an increase in pulsation frequency or alternatively in the flow rate, the stagnation zones were reduced in size, the distribution of vortices became more homogeneous over the considered domain, and the number of vortices in all scales had increased. Considering the occupied region, the stagnation zones were moved away in a favorable direction from a mixing point of view. In addition, statistical analysis unveiled that in the far-field occupied region of the room model, stronger eddies were developed that we could expect to give rise to improved mixing. As a fundamental experimental study performed in a 2D, small-scale room model with water as operating fluid, we can logically conclude that the positive effect of enhanced mixing through increasing the flow rate could equally be accomplished through applying a pulsating inflow.In addition, this thesis introduces and describes an experimental setup for study of air flow over a wall-mounted radiator in a mockup of a real room, which has been successfully designed and manufactured. In this experimental study, the airflow over an electric radiator without forced convection, a common room-heating technique, was measured and visualized using the 2D PIV technique. Surface blackening due to particle deposition calls for monitoring in detail the local climate over a heating radiator. One mechanism causing particle deposition is turbophoresis, which occurs when the flow is turbulent. Because turbulence plays a role in particle deposition, it is important to identify where the laminar flow over radiator becomes turbulent. The results from several visualization techniques and PIV measurements indicated that for a room with typical radiator heating, the flow over the radiator became agitated after a dimensionless length, 5.0–6.25, based on the radiator thickness.Surface properties are among the influencing factors in particle deposition; therefore, the geometrical properties of different finishing techniques were investigated experimentally using a structured light 3D scanner that revealed differences in roughness among different surface finishing techniques. To investigate the resistance to airflow along the surface and the turbulence generated by the surfaces, we recorded the boundary layer flow over the surfaces in a special flow rig, which revealed that the types of surface finishing methods differed very little in their resistance and therefore their influence on the deposition velocity is probably small.
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| 2. |
- Fallenius, Bengt E. G., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental study on the effect of pulsating inflow to an enclosure for improved mixing
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. - : Elsevier. - 0142-727X .- 1879-2278. ; 44, s. 108-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal control of inlet jet flows is of broad interest for enhanced mixing in ventilated rooms. The general approach in mechanical ventilation is forced convection by means of a constant flow rate supply. However, this type of ventilation may cause several problems such as draught and appearance of stagnation zones, which reduces the ventilation efficiency. A potential way to improve the ventilation quality is to apply a pulsating inflow, which has been hypothesised to reduce the stagnation zones due to enhanced mixing. The present study aims at testing this hypothesis, experimentally, in a small-scale two-dimensional water model using Particle Image Velocimetry with an in-house vortex detection program. We are able to show that for an increase in pulsation frequency or alternatively in the flow rate the stagnation zones are reduced in size and the distribution of vortices becomes more homogeneous over the considered domain. The number of vortices (all scales) increases by a factor of four and the swirl-strength by about 50% simply by turning on the inflow pulsation. Furthermore, the vortices are well balanced in terms of their rotational direction, which is validated by the symmetric Probability Density Functions of vortex circulation (Γ) around Γ= 0. There are two dominating vortex length scales in the flow, namely 0.6 and 0.8 inlet diameters and the spectrum of vortex diameters become broader by turning on the inflow pulsation. We conclude that the positive effect for enhanced mixing by increasing the flow rate can equally be accomplished by applying a pulsating inflow.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Sattari, Amir, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES HEALTH RISKS AND ADVANTAGES OF A DECENT INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION SYSTEM IN REDUCING THE RELATED RISKS
- 2012
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Ingår i: INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES HEALTH RISKS AND ADVANTAGES OF A DECENT INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION SYSTEM IN REDUCING THE RELATED RISKS. ; , s. -6
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the fast-growing use of nanoparticles (NPs) in a wide range of production and manufacturing processes, and great health and environmental risks associated to NPs, it is important to treat the industry-produced NPs in a proper way. Ventilation of industrial workplaces lies within the concept of sustainability challenges for the development of nanoproducts. Due to the decreased grain size of material to nano limits and thus the appearance of either new or changed properties, health risk of workers in such environments is critical concerning the complicated and unknown characteristics of nanoparticles. There is great evidence over the past few years that ultrafine particles and especially NPs in the breathing air are strong toxins. Different mitigation measures for air-borne nanoparticles in industrial workplaces are substitution, engineering controls such as ventilation and provision of personal protective equipment. In this paper selection criteria for ventilation systems and different ventilation methods (hood ventilation and global enclosure/room ventilation systems) as engineering controls of nanoparticles within industrial enclosures will be reviewed. Novel methods for improvement of ventilation efficiency in general and industrial work places with an eye on ventilation of nanoparticles will be presented.
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| 5. |
- Sattari, Amir, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY (PIV) VISUALIZATION OF AIR FLOW OVER A WALL-MOUNTED RADIATOR
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common room heating technique is to use a wall-mounted radiator without forced convection. The cold surrounding air passes adjacent to the warm surfaces of the radiator, gets heated, and the buoyancy difference gives this heated air a momentum to rise along the wall surface (as plume) and finally circulate and get mixed into the whole room. The properties of heated plumes are important for assessing the risk of soiling of the wall surfaces through particle deposition driven by thermophoresis and turbophoresis. It is important to identify where there is a transition from laminar to turbulent flow. With the objective to characterize the plume of heated air flow in the vicinity of wall surface, the airflow over the radiator is visualized and measured using the two-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (2D PIV) technique. The PIV technique yields two-dimensional vector fields of the flow. The resulted vector maps are size and peak validated and post processed using in house developed software to provide the average streamlines. In the near wall PIV measurements there are practical problems; generating a homogeneous global seeding that makes it possible to study both the plume and the surrounding entrainment region, and optical problems due to strong laser reflection from the wall surface which limits the investigation area. These issues are dealt with in the present study. In addition to visualization with PIV, visualization with a CMOS video camera was also conducted.
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| 6. |
- Sattari, Amir, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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PIV Study of Ventilation Quality in Certain Occupied Regions of a Two-Dimensional Room Model with Rapidly Varying Flow Rates
- 2013
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - : Veetech Ltd. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 12:2, s. 187-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of supply jet flows is the most common type of air distribution for general ventilation. Usually the supply flow rate is constant or slowly varying (VAV-systems) to cope with a varying load. A novel air distribution method, with the potential to reduce stagnation and to increase the ventilation efficiency, is to introduce rapid flow variations (pulsations). This paper reports on a fundamental study of this type of air distribution. The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of flow variations on stagnant zones and the levels of the turbulent kinetic energy and the relative turbulence intensity. A small scale room model is used that consists of an enclosure with a ventilation supply at the bottom and an extract at the top of the opposite wall. Water was used as an operating fluid and the model had a design which mainly generated a two-dimensional flow. The size of the model made it possible to investigate the two-dimensional velocity vector field using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method in regions corresponding to occupied regions. Further post processing was conducted from the resulting vector fields. The comparison between cases of constant inflow and pulsated inflow (flow variations with frequency of 0.5 Hz) was conducted for three domains: two belonging to the far-field occupied zone and one belonging to the near-field, downstream of the supply wall jet.
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| 7. |
- Sattari, Amir, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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PIV Visualisation study in a two-dimensional room model with rapid time varying ventilation flow rates
- 2011
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Ingår i: ROOMVENT, The 12th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms. - : Tapir Academic Press. - 9788251928120
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal control of inlet jet flows is of wide applicative interest in order to enhance mixing and reduce stagnation in a ventilated room. The general approach in mechanical ventilation is to use a constant flow rate forced convection system providing the ventilation air. This type of ventilation may cause several problems such as draught, stagnation at certain occupied locations, and subsequently low ventilation efficiencies. An alternative to increase the ventilation quality that has been of interest in this study is to introduce flow variations, which is considered as a potential to reduce stagnation and increase efficiency of the ventilation. The study was conducted as a model experiment in a small-scale, two-dimensional (2-D) room model with dimensions 30200.9 cm3 with water as operating fluid. The size of the model made it possible to investigate the 2-D velocity vector field within the entire room using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method and further consequent dynamical and statistical analyses have been done from the resulted PIV vector fields. The comparison between cases of constant flow rate and flow variations have been conducted for the cases of two set of base flow rates and for each one, the cases of constant flow rate and flow variations with frequencies of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 Hz, is considered. In this investigation we show that the calm region, with a large stagnation zone, without pulsating inflow condition becomes more active in the sense that the stagnation points are moved and that the small-scale structures are grown for increasing pulsation frequency.
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| 8. |
- Sattari, Amir, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Plaster finishes in historical buildings – Measurements of surface structure, roughness parameters and air flow characteristics
- 2013
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Ingår i: Plaster finishes in historical buildings. - 9788888307268 ; , s. 69-75
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soiling of surfaces in historical buildings by deposition of particles is a common problem. Minimizing soiling is an important goal for conservation of structures and objects. The surfaces give rise to an interference with the air motions along the surfaces. Properties of surfaces may therefore influence the particle deposition. It is well known that with increasing roughness of the surfaces the particle deposition rate increases. The properties of surfaces in historical buildings are not well documented. We have investigated samples of surfaces finished by wood float finish, steel float finish and brushed finish. As a reference we have used an MDF board. The geometrical properties of the surfaces have been documented by using the stripe projection method. The resistance to airflow along the surface and the turbulence generated by the surfaces have been investigated by recording the boundary layer flow over the surfaces in a special flow rig. The work reported is part of a project where the process of soiling is studied both in laboratory and in field studies. The air velocity adjacent to the surfaces will be recorded with both PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) and hot-wire technique. The temperature gradient close to the walls will be recorded with cold-wire technique.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Blomqvist, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Air Movements through Horizontal Openings in Buildings – A Model Study
- 2004
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 3:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A building contains a number of large openings like doors and staircases. When the temperature of the spaces connected by these openings differs, the difference in density will cause air movements through them. Horizontal air movements through vertical openings in buildings like doors and windows are well investigated while studies of air movements through horizontal openings like stairwells are less frequent and therefore this work is focusing on this case. The paper reports on an experimental study of the possibility of using buoyancy forces to distribute air and heat through horizontal openings. The experiments have been carried out in a scale model with water as the operating fluid. The result of the study shows that the flow rate through a horizontal opening is roughly half of the flow rate through a vertical opening for the same conditions, probably caused by the more complex flow pattern in the horizontal opening. A staircase below the horizontal opening will guide the flow somewhat and will cause a small increase of the fluid exchange through the opening.
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