| 1. |
- Bjuggren, Carl Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Using self–employment as proxy for entrepreneurship : some empirical caveats
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - : Inderscience. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 17:3, s. 290-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self–employment is the most frequently used measure of entrepreneurship. However, its definition varies between countries, which makes comparisons difficult. We present an analysis of Swedish self–employment data and show that even within one country, the depicted development differs greatly depending on the source used. Unlike previous claims in cross–country studies, we find that there is no basis for categorising Sweden as having increased its self–employment rate more than others. This demonstrates a need to carefully specify the characteristics of the data, and their advantages and disadvantages, before drawing conclusions about the frequency of entrepreneurship in different countries.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Dan, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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High-Growth Firms and Family Ownership
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0827-6331 .- 2169-2610. ; 26:4, s. 365-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical studies demonstrate that most net job-growth originates from a small number of high-growth firms (HGFs). The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether family ownership matters for being an HGF, using data on all private firms in Sweden during 1993–2006. Our study is possible due to a tax reform that required tax authorities to identify family relations among ultimate owners of every Swedish firm. We find that family ownership at first sight decreases the probability of exhibiting high growth, but further analysis indicates a more complex relationship. The negative effect of family ownership seems to be driven primarily by small firms, and sometimes even becomes positive when firm growth is analyzed over longer time periods. In addition, the negative effect of family ownership is no longer present when we analyze firms that transferred ownership and control for unobserved time-invariant firm-specific heterogeneity.
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| 3. |
- Coad, Alex, et al.
(författare)
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Whom do high-growth firms hire?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 23:1, s. 293-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study employment and new hires among high-growth firms (HGFs) in the Swedish knowledge-intensive sectors 1999-2002. Using matched employer-employee data, we find that HGFs are more likely to employ young people, poorly educated workers, immigrants, and individuals who experienced longer unemployment periods. However, these patterns seem contingent on the stage of the firm's evolution. HGFs that have already realized some rapid growth are more likely to hire individuals from other firms, even though immigrants are still overrepresented among new hires. In the case of both HGF employees and HGF new hires, employment opportunities in HGFs are provided by young and small firms.
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| 4. |
- Bornhäll, Anders, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The capital constraint paradox in micro and small family and nonfamily firms
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2045-2101 .- 2045-211X. ; 5:1, s. 38-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of the entrepreneur’s quest for independence and control over the firm for governance and financing strategies with a special focus on family firms and how they differ from nonfamily firms.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on 1,000 telephone interviews with Swedish micro and small firms. The survey data are matched with firm-level data from the Bureau van Dijks database ORBIS.Findings – The analysis shows that independence is a prime motive for enterprises, statistically significantly more so for family owners. Family owners are more prone to use either their own savings or loans from family and are more reluctant to resort to external equity capital. Our results indicate a potential “capital constraint paradox”; there might be an abundance of external capital while firm growth is simultaneously constrained by a lack of internal funds.Research limitations/implications – The main limitation is that the study is based on cross-section data. Future studies could thus be based on longitudinal data.Practical implications – The authors argue that policy makers must recognize independence and control aversion as strong norms that guide entrepreneurial action and that micro- and small-firm growth would profit more from lower personal and corporate income taxes compared to policy schemes intended to increase the supply of external capital.Originality/value – The paper offers new insights regarding the value of independence and how it affects strategic decisions within the firm.
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| 5. |
- Bornhäll, Anders, 1984-
(författare)
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Unseen job creators and firm growth barriers : the role of capital constraints and seniority rules
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The topic of this thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of how the institutional framework affects firms’ hiring decisions.The first article focuses on a group of firms, called sleeping gazelles, that do not grow despite having high profits. Sleeping gazelles constitute a much larger share of the firm population than that of high-growth firms. If it is growth barriers that are hindering these firms from hiring more employees, many new jobs could be created if these barriers were removed. To investigate the effects of one of the suggested growth barriers in the literature, the second article, focuses on whether small-firm growth is hampered by lack of capital. Using survey data from business owners matched with register data, we find that firms may face a capital constraint paradox, whereby the supply of external capital might be sufficient, but firm owners might refrain from accessing it due to fear of losing control of their companies. The third article investigates whether employment protection acts as a growth barrier in Sweden. Using a reform of the Swedish last-in-first-out (LIFO) rule, we estimate the causal effects from a liberalization of the employment protection. We find that firm growth increased because of the reform and that a more expansive reform could provide new job opportunities and increase overall employment. The LIFO rule was introduced to protect older workers. The fourth article investigates whether the reform weakened the labor market position of these workers. It is found that more young individuals who were unemployed or previously not in the workforce were hired as a consequence of the reform, showing that the reform lowered youth unemployment. There is no indication of older workers leaving the workforce or becoming unemployed to any greater extent after the reform. The fifth article show that the positive effects of the reform were limited to native workers, with no effects on the labor market position of immigrants. The effects depend on the relative insider-status of employees, so that groups of employees who are closer to being insiders benefit more from less-strict employment protection legislation than groups that are further from being insiders.
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| 6. |
- Coad, Alex, et al.
(författare)
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High-growth firms : introduction to the special section
- 2014
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 23:1, s. 91-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-growth firms (HGFs) have attracted considerable attention recently, as academics and policymakers have increasingly recognized the highly skewed nature of many metrics of firm performance. A small number of HGFs drives a disproportionately large amount of job creation, while the average firm has a limited impact on the economy. This article explores the reasons for this increased interest, summarizes the existing literature, and highlights the methodological considerations that constrain and bias research. This special section draws attention to the importance of HGFs for future industrial performance, explores their unusual growth trajectories and strategies, and highlights the lack of persistence of high growth. Consequently, while HGFs are important for understanding the economy and developing public policy, they are unlikely to be useful vehicles for public policy given the difficulties involved in predicting which firms will grow, the lack of persistence in high growth levels, and the complex and often indirect relationship between firm capability, high growth, and macro-economic performance.
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| 7. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Are high-growth firms overrepresented in high-tech industries?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press. - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 25:1, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is frequently argued that policymakers should target high-tech firms, i.e., firms with high R&D intensity, because such firms are considered more innovative and therefore potential fast-growers. This argument relies on the assumption that the association among high-tech status, innovativeness, and growth is actually positive. We examine this assumption by studying the industry distribution of high-growth firms (HGFs) across all four-digit NACE industries, using data covering all limited liability firms in Sweden during the period 1997-2008. The results of fractional logit regressions indicate that industries with high R&D intensity, ceteris paribus, can be expected to have a lower share of HGFs than can industries with lower R&D intensity. The findings cast doubt on the wisdom of targeting R&D industries or subsidizing R&D to promote firm growth. In contrast, we find that HGFs are overrepresented in knowledge-intensive service industries, i.e., service industries with a high share of human capital.
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| 8. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The economic contribution of high-growth firms : do policy implications depend on the choice of growth indicator?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1566-1679 .- 1573-7012. ; 14:3, s. 337-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior studies have defined high-growth firms (HGFs) in terms of growth in firm employment or firm sales, and primarily analyzed their contribution to overall employment growth. In this paper we define HGFs using the commonly applied growth indicators (employment and sales), but also add definitions based on growth in value added and productivity. Our results indicate that HGFs in terms of employment are not the same firms as HGFs in terms of productivity, and that their economic contributions differ significantly. Economic policy promoting fast growth in employment may therefore come at the cost of reduced productivity growth. Although HGFs of different definitions may not be the same firms, young firms are more likely to be HGFs irrespective of definition. This suggests that economic policy should focus on the conditions for new firm formation and early growth of firms, rather than target a particular type of HGFs.
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| 9. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Using the Eurostat-OECD Definition of High-Growth Firms : A Cautionary Note
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2045-2101 .- 2045-211X. ; 4:1, s. 50-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – High-growth firms (HGFs) have attracted an increasing amount of attention from researchers and policymakers, and the Eurostat-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) definition of HGFs has become increasingly popular. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a longitudinal firm-level data set to analyze the implications of using the Eurostat-OECD definition.Findings – The results indicate that this definition excluded almost 95 percent of surviving firms in Sweden, and about 40 percent of new private jobs during 2005-2008.Research limitations/implications – The proportion of small firms and their growth patterns differ across countries, and the authors therefore advise caution in using this definition in future studies.Practical implications – Policy based on the Eurostat-OECD definition of HGFs might be misleading or even counterproductive.Originality/value – No previous studies have analyzed the implications of using the Eurostat-OECD definition of HGFs.
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| 10. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Which firms provide jobs for unemployed non-Western immigrants?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Service Industries Journal. - : Routledge. - 0264-2069 .- 1743-9507. ; 39:9-10, s. 762-778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the refugee immigration crisis is one of the major socio-economic challenges in Europe, we still lack knowledge on what characterizes firms that provide jobs for unemployed immigrants. We provide an answer by investigating firms that recruit unemployed non-Western immigrants using matched employer-employee data from Statistics Sweden. We find large industry differences; firms active in the service sectors, such as the hospitality, transport, and healthcare industries, are much more likely to hire unemployed non-Western immigrants than firms in high-tech and manufacturing industries. In addition, after controlling for educational attainment and industry of occupation, firms with at least one non-Western immigrant manager hire more than four times as many unemployed non-Western immigrants than firms without any non-Western immigrant managers. Public policies that target industries might thus also influence job opportunities for immigrants and, thereby, the possibility of their integration into society.
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