| 1. |
- Alklind Taylor, Anna-Sofia
(författare)
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Coaching by Gaming
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Military organisations have a long history of using games for training. Over the years, they have developed training practices involving role-play, simulations, puckstering and gaming. Most researchers in serious games, i.e. games used for non-entertainment purposes, focus their studies on the learners. This licentiate thesis, instead, takes a closer look on the roles of instructors in game-based training situations, specifically at the Swedish Land Warfare Centre. Through a mix of theoretical and empirical studies, training practices were scrutinised, resulting in a framework for game-based vocational training. A key element of this framework is the coaching by gaming perspective in which instructors give un-intrusive, formative feedback through role-play and gameplay. Another important aspect of the framework involves dynamic debriefing. These insights points to specific needs for system support for instructors involved in game-based training. They also emphasise the fact that serious gaming is a highly contextualised activity made up of more than the game and the players.
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| 2. |
- Dessne, Karin
(författare)
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Supporting Knowledge Management with Information Technology : The Significance of Formal and Informal Structures
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Knowledge Management (KM) is a relatively young field of research. It has traditionally aimed at managing work in organisations often by the assistance of supporting Information Technology (IT).In this thesis, the definition of KM is expressed as facilitating the intertwined process of learning and knowing in an organisation. in order to support this process by IT KM needs to be based on an understanding of the significance of the formal and informal structures that organisations are built on. Using the word knowing rather than knowledge assists in approaching the issue of how to facilitate learning and knowing, since it declares knowing as a process or as a state of mind. This process feeds on what is available in the form of nourishment, which is supplied in the form of information. KM then has two ways of supporting learning and knowing: by nourishing and by encouraging this process.Two analysis frameworks were constructed from two subsequent literature reviews of KM, Computer Supported Collaborative Work/Lerarning (CSCW/CSCL), and Communities of Practice (CoP). These models were used to describe and analyse the learning process of the selected case, a Swedish military organisation. It soon became evident that the formal learning process did not work as intended, and that the informal structures and processes struggled to accomplish the results that the formal process failed to deliver. The formal and informal processes were not aligned and neither worked satisfyingly. Informal structures exists within formal structures and they are both equally important. They are intertwined and dependent on each other. as the findings of this case study has revealed.In supporting learning and knowing in organisations, IT needs to support both formal and informal structures. IT could nourish structures and processes, and IT could encourage participation and interaction in them. As learning is based on interaction supporting it is vital, but at the same time, no interaction will occur without nourishment. These are the impĺications for IT when designing for learning and knowing in organisations. It is not only a matter of supplying and making information available, but also of encouraging interaction in aligned formal and informal structures.
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| 3. |
- Erlandsson, Tina
(författare)
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Situation Analysis for Fighter Aircraft Combat Survivability
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Fighter pilots operate in environments where an erroneous decision may have fatal consequences. A tactical decision support system (TDSS) could aid the pilots to analyze the situation and make correct decisions. The TDSS can, for instance, highlight important information and suggest suitable actions. The aim of this thesis is to provide a situation analysis model of combat survival that can be utilized in a TDSS.The first part of this thesis describes an analysis of what the model needs to describe and how it can be used. It is concluded that the model should evaluate the outcome of different actions with respect to combat survival. This evaluation can guide the pilot’s decision making, so that actions leading to dangerous situations are avoided. The analysis also highlights the need of handling uncertainties, both measurement precision uncertainty regarding the locations and capabilities of the threats (enemies) and inference uncertainties regarding the prediction of how the threats will act.Finally, arguments for focusing the rest of the work on a single fighter aircraft and threats located on the ground are presented. The second part of the thesis suggests a model, which describes the survivability, i.e., the probability that the aircraft can fly a route without being hit by fire from ground-based threats. Thus, the model represents the inference uncertainty, since it describes the probability of survival. The model’s characteristics are discussed, e.g., that the model is implementable and can be adapted to describe different kinds of ground-based threats. Uncertainty in terms of measurement precision influences the estimate of the survivability. Two different ways of representing this is discussed: calculating the worst case scenario or describing the input as random variables and the resulting survivability as a random variable with a probability distribution. Monte Carlo simulations are used for estimating the distribution for survivability in a few illustrative scenarios, where the input is represented as random variables. The simulations show that when the uncertainty in input is large, the survivability distribution may be both multimodal and mixed. Two uncertainty measures are investigated that condense the information in the distributions into a single value: standard deviation and entropy. The simulations show that both of these measures reflect the uncertainty. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that the uncertainty measures can be used for sensor management, since they point out which information that is the most valuable to gather in order to decrease the uncertainty in the survivability.Finally, directions for future work are suggested. A number of TDSS functions that can be developed based on the model are discussed e.g., warnings, countermeasure management, route-planning and sensor management. The design of these functions could require extending the threat model to incorporate airborne threats and the effects of countermeasures. Further investigations regarding the uncertainty in the model are also suggested.
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| 4. |
- Helldin, Tove
(författare)
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Human-centred automation
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Arbetssituationen för stridspiloter är ofta mycket utmanande. Piloterna måste utföra sina uppgifter och fatta beslut i stressiga situationer med stora informationsmängder och hög arbetsbörda, samtidigt som val av fel beslut kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenser. För att hjälpa piloterna har flera automatiska stödsystem implementerats i moderna stridsflygplan. Denna trend kommer att fortsätta i takt med nya tekniska framgångar och nya krav som ställs på piloterna. Forskning inom informationsfusion (IF) har bland annat gjort det möjligt att fusionera stora mängder data som härstammar från olika sensorer, databaser m.m. för att på så sätt skapa en bättre grund för att fatta beslut och agera än vad som hade varit möjligt om informationskällorna hade använts separat. Dock har både positiva och negativa effekter av automatisering rapporterats, såsom minskad arbetsbörda och förbättrad situationsuppfattning men även försämrad pilotprestation till följd av att de automatiska systemens prestanda inte övervakas. För att undvika negativa effekter av automation samtidigt som de positiva effekterna stärks har den så kallade människo centrerade automationen (HCA) lyfts fram som en möjlig väg att designa system där samverkan mellan automationen och den mänskliga operatören optimeras. Som en designapproach fokuserar HCA på viken av en samverkande människamaskin relation, där operatören hålls kvar i automatiseringsloopen. Men hur HCA kan introduceras inom stridsflygdomänen och dess implikationer för gränssnitts- och automationsdesign av stödsystem inom domänen har inte undersökts.Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker möjliga implikationer av att introducera HCA inom stridsflygdomänen. Genom litteraturundersökningar och empiriska studier har generalla och domänspecifika HCA riktlinjer identifierats, såsom att piloterna måste erbjudas en indikation angående tillförlitligheten hos den information och de rekommendationer som de olika implementerade stödsystemen i flygplanet har genererat, samt att stöd för att uppdatera piloternas individuella och gemensamma uppfattning av situationen måste ges. En demonstrator, som återspeglar några av de identifierade HCA riktlinjerna, har implementerats och använts för att utvärdera riktlinjerna tillsammans med systemutvecklare inom domänen. Denna utvärdering påvisade att systemutvecklare inom stridsflygdomänen implicit använder sig av många av de identifierade HCA riktlinjerna under designprocessen, men att explicit inkludera dessa i en domänspecifik design guide skulle kunna hjälpa dem att designa automatiska system som erbjuder lämpligt stöd för piloterna. De resultat som presenteras i denna licentiatavhandling förväntas kunna hjälpa utvecklare av moderna stridsflygsystem genom att inkludera HCA i den traditionella simulator-baserade designapproachen (SBD). Denna approach används flitigt inom området och fokuserar på tidigt och återkommande användardeltagande vid designarbetet, där komplementära HCA utvärderingar skulle kunna genomföras för att förbättra de stödsystem som implementeras från ett automationsperspektiv. Det förväntas även att de resultat som presenteras i denna avhandling kommer att bidra till forskningen kring hur operatörer kan påverka fusionsprocessen, vilket har identifierats som ett område där mer forskning behövs inom IF området. Ytterligare ett bidrag av denna avhandling är därför det förslag som ges på hur HCA utvecklingsprocessen skulle kunna användas för att förbättra interaktionen mellan operatören och det automatiska fusionssystemet.
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| 5. |
- Herdenstam, Anders
(författare)
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Sinnesupplevelsens estetik : vinprovaren, i gränslandet mellan konsten och vetenskapen
- 2004
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Can art express things that science can´t? Communicating experiences of wine attributes is one important part of the practical knowledge of professional wine tasters working in different contexts. From this point of view a central question arise concerning how common terms and concepts emerge and how they are communicated in the wine tasting situation. The analytical perspective have been generated in attempts to quantify experienced and verbalised attributes, using analytical methods with no regard to context . The synthetic perspective, on the other hand, assumes that the wine taster first acquires an overall understanding of a wine's character and then, to the best of his ability, breaks this experience down into separate attributes. The synthetic experience is characterized by being generated during the interaction between the taster and the wine and therefore is related to the context. The synthetic experience, in comparison with the analytical one, is hard to grasp with traditional methods. On the other hand, when adapting an aesthetic perspective on the sensory experience we conclude that there are dimensions of the practical knowledge of wine tasters that can be explored in pragmatic-constitutive studies.The technique, inspired by the Dialogue seminar method, was applied in order to compare the judgements of attributes in four wines within different tasting groups of professional wine tasters. It was found that the variances in the terminology for the attributes investigated could be explained by the use of different markings for the same attribute. This indicates that the Dialogue seminar method, with applied modifications, might be a useful tool when training professional wine tasters. This might generate an overall understanding of the reality experienced by the wine taster. Based on our findings, we suggest that the method also can be used in order to introduce new concepts which might be included in a common language and thus make a connection between the analytical and synthetic experience.
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| 6. |
- Jerlinder, Kajsa, 1976-
(författare)
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Rättvis idrottsundervisning för elever med rörelsehinder
- 2005
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Licentiate dissertation, written in Swedish with an English abstract.The educational goal of “a school for all” creates many challenges. Issues of socialjustice and equity are central tenets of the concept of inclusive education. Despitethe goal of comprehensive education for all children, for many pupils with physicaldisabilities in an inclusive school system PE (Physical Education) teaching canresult in experiences of injustice. In the struggle to achieve social equity and createeducational experiences where disability does not matter, it seams to matter verymuch.The aim of this study is to illustrate a dilemma and its potential outcomeswhere demands for justice for pupils with physical disabilities are raised in inclusivephysical education. In the study, based on theories of redistribution andrecognition, two empirical examples are presented.The first example, in the context of the decentralisation of Swedish compulsoryschools, illustrates degrees of awareness about numbers of pupils with physicaldisabilities attending compulsory schools located in a case municipality. Foursources, with varying responsibilities for disabled children, all reported differentnumbers of pupils. Thus, with no congruent data at municipality level, distribu-tion and redistribution of necessary resources becomes difficult.In the second example of a ten year old boy with a physical disability,experiences of participation in inclusive physical education are described, fromthe perspective of five different actors (the boy himself, his PE teachers (2), hisparents, classmates, and his personal assistant).Data for this case study was gathered through interviews and systematic ob-servation. In this particular case, the outcome of inclusive PE was judged to besuccessful. The example illustrates the importance of recognition needing to befulfilled at several distributive levels. The positive outcome is discussed in terms ofthe combination of identification of particular special needs, sensitive adaptation,and general respect for the child with physical disability.Dilemmas of justice for disabled pupils in physical education are best studiedwithin a multi-level context. Recognition and redistribution demands need to besimultaneously addressed in order to fulfil the goal of equitable education forpupils with physical disabilities attending PE within the compulsory school sys-tem. An attempt to combine these different ideological approaches is discussedfrom the perspective of social status.The outcome of the two empirical examples presented in this study illustrategeneral dilemmas reaching beyond the educational challenges facing pupils withphysical disabilities and the responses of the compulsory school system to them.
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| 7. |
- Laxhammar, Rikard
(författare)
-
Anomaly Detection in Trajectory Data for Surveillance Applications
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Abnormal behaviour may indicate important objects and events in a wide variety of domains. One such domain is intelligence and surveillance, where there is a clear trend towards more and more advanced sensor systems producing huge amounts of trajectory data from moving objects, such as people, vehicles, vessels and aircraft. In the maritime domain, for example, abnormal vessel behaviour, such as unexpected stops, deviations from standard routes, speeding, traffic direction violations etc., may indicate threats and dangers related to smuggling, sea drunkenness, collisions, grounding, hijacking, piracy etc. Timely detection of these relatively infrequent events, which is critical for enabling proactive measures, requires constant analysis of all trajectories; this is typically a great challenge to human analysts due to information overload, fatigue and inattention. In the Baltic Sea, for example, there are typically 3000–4000 commercial vessels present that are monitored by only a few human analysts. Thus, there is a need for automated detection of abnormal trajectory patterns. In this thesis, we investigate algorithms appropriate for automated detection of anomalous trajectories in surveillance applications. We identify and discuss some key theoretical properties of such algorithms, which have not been fully addressed in previous work: sequential anomaly detection in incomplete trajectories, continuous learning based on new data requiring no or limited human feedback, a minimum of parameters and a low and well calibrated false alarm rate. A number of algorithms based on statistical methods and nearest neighbour methods are proposed that address some or all of these key properties. In particular, a novel algorithm known as the Similarity-based Nearest Neighbour Conformal Anomaly Detector (SNN-CAD) is proposed. This algorithm is based on the theory of Conformal prediction and is unique in the sense that it addresses all of the key properties above. The proposed algorithms are evaluated on real world trajectory data sets, including vessel traffic data, which have been complemented with simulated anomalous data. The experiments demonstrate the type of anomalous behaviour that can be detected at a low overall alarm rate. Quantitative results for learning and classification performance of the algorithms are compared. In particular, results from reproduced experiments on public data sets show that SNN-CAD, combined with Hausdorff distance for measuring dissimilarity between trajectories, achieves excellent classification performance without any parameter tuning. It is concluded that SNN-CAD, due to its general and parameter-light design, is applicable in virtually any anomaly detection application. Directions for future work include investigating sensitivity to noisy data, and investigating long-term learning strategies, which address issues related to changing behaviour patterns and increasing size and complexity of training data.
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| 8. |
- Memedi, Mevludin
(författare)
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Mobile systems for monitoring Parkinson's disease
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This thesis presents the development and evaluation of IT-based methods and systems for supporting assessment of symptoms and enabling remote monitoring of Parkinson‟s disease (PD) patients. PD is a common neurological disorder associated with impaired body movements. Its clinical management regarding treatment outcomes and follow-up of patients is complex. In order to reveal the full extent of a patient‟s condition, there is a need for repeated and time-stamped assessments related to both patient‟s perception towards common symptoms and motor function. In this thesis, data from a mobile device test battery, collected during a three year clinical study, was used for the development and evaluation of methods. The data was gathered from a series of tests, consisting of selfassessments and motor tests (tapping and spiral drawing). These tests were carried out repeatedly in a telemedicine setting during week-long test periods. One objective was to develop a computer method that would process tracedspiral drawings and generate a score representing PD-related drawing impairments. The data processing part consisted of using the discrete wavelet transform and principal component analysis. When this computer method was evaluated against human clinical ratings, the results showed that it could perform quantitative assessments of drawing impairment in spirals comparatively well. As a part of this objective, a review of systems and methods for detecting the handwriting and drawing impairment using touch screens was performed. The review showed that measures concerning forces, accelerations, and radial displacements were the most important ones in detecting fine motor movement anomalies. Another objective of this thesis work was to design and evaluate an information system for delivering assessment support information to the treating clinical staff for monitoring PD symptoms in their patients. The system consisted of a patient node for data collection based on the mobile device test battery, a service node for data storage and processing, and a web application for data presentation. A system module was designed for compiling the test battery time series into summary scores on a test period level. The web application allowed adequate graphic feedback of the summary scores to the treating clinical staff. The evaluation results for this integrated system indicate that it can be used as a tool for frequent PD symptom assessments in home environments.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Åkesson, Joakim
(författare)
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Idrottens akademisering : Kunskapsproduktion och kunskapsförmedling inom idrottsforskning och högre idrottsutbildning 1970-2007
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Inledning: Samhällsvetenskapligt orienterad idrottsforskning och idrottsutbildningar på akademisk nivå är relativt nya företeelser i Sverige. Forskningen kom igång på allvar först under 1970-talet och innan 2000-talet fanns det endast ett fåtal idrottsutbildningar i landet. Idag är såväl forskning som utbildning omfattande och differentierad. Frågan är dock hur forskning och utbildning utvecklats, ser ut idag, och förehåller sig till varandra? Vilken kunskap är det som produceras inom idrottsforskningen och vilken kunskap är det som förmedlas inom utbildningarna? Skiljer sig den producerade och förmedlade kunskapen åt? I så fall hur och varför? Syfte: Studien behandlar idrottens akademisering. Med akademisering avses den process genom vilken ett kunskapsområde, i detta fall idrottens, transformeras till ett vetenskapligt kunskapsområde. Syftet med studien är att nå fördjupad förståelse för idrottsutbildningarna och dess relation till idrottsforskningen ur ett kunskapsperspektiv. Teori: Fyra begrepp är särskilt centrala i studien: kunskap, makt, diskurs och institution. Merparten av den teoretiska inspirationen hämtas från fem teoretiker. I centrum står Peter Berger och Thomas Luckmanns kunskapssociologi, Michel Foucaults tankar om diskurs, makt och institution, samt Pierre Bourdieus fältanalys. Därutöver används teorier som handlar om specifika samhällsprocesser och diskurser av olika tidsepoker. Här hämtas stöd i främst Zygmunt Baumans samhällsteori. Metod: Källmaterialet utgörs till största del av olika dokument. Exempel på analyserade dokument är: avhandlingar, forskningsrapporter, tidskriftsartiklar, utredningar, hemsidor, utbildningsplaner och kursplaner. Dokumenten och dess innehåll har i vissa fall hanterats kvalitativt och i andra fall kvantitativt. Den kvalitativa dokumentanalysen har exempelvis genomförts enligt diskursanalytisk modell. Resultat: Studien har visat att det råder en viss diskrepans mellan den kunskap som produceras inom idrottsforskningen och den kunskaps som förmedlas genom akademiska idrottsutbildningar. Den största andelen samhällsvetenskapligt orienterad idrottsforskning har producerats av pedagoger (36%), psykologer (21%), historiker (18%) och sociologer (5%). Samtidigt var 9 av 22 idrottsutbildningar 2008 att beteckna som management¬utbildningar. Skillnaden mellan den typ av kunskap som producerats inom idrottsforskningen och den typ av kunskap som förmedlas inom idrottsutbildningar är således anmärkningsvärd. Diskussion: Sett ur ett diskursivt perspektiv kan forskningen och utbildningen förstås genom dess relation till olika logiker som haft olika framträdande positioner i den allmänna samhällsdiskursen. Tre relevanta logiker som haft olika kan urskiljas: (1) Det moderna produktions- och välfärdssamhällets logik (1900-tal); De problematiserande samhällsperspektivens logik (ca 1960-); Det postmoderna konsumtionssamhällets logik (ca 1990-). Den första dominerade samhällsdiskursen under stora delar av 1900-talet. Idrottsforskning som bygger på denna logik bedrivs utifrån medicinska, fysiologiska, pedagogiska, psykologiska och historiska perspektiv. Idrottsutbildningar som kan ses som byggande på denna logik är tränar-, hälso-, medicin- och fysiologi-, samt psykologiutbildningar. Den andra tillkom under 1960- och 1970-talen och fick genomslag inom idrottsforskningen under 1980- och 1990-talen. Forskning som bygger på denna logik bedrivs exempelvis utifrån sociologiska, etnologiska, genusvetenskapliga och filosofiska perspektiv. Utbildningar som kan ses som byggande på denna logik är kultur- och samhällsutbildningar, samt i viss mån medieutbildningar. Den tredje fick genomslag i samhällsdiskursen under 1990- och 2000-talen och inom idrottsforskning och idrottsutbildning under 2000-talet. Forskning som bygger på denna logik bedrivs exempelvis utifrån management-, ekonomiska-, juridiska-, ledarskaps-, och organisations- perspektiv. Utbildningar som kan ses som byggande på denna logik är Sport Management utbildningar, samt i viss mån medieutbildningar. Man kan allstå tala om forskning och utbildning som bygger på tre olika logiker som varit olika framträdande i den allmänna samhällsdiskursen under olika tidsepoker. Forskningen som etablerades tidigare än utbildningarna bygger i större utsträckning på logiker som tidigare i historien varit mer framträdande.
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