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- Hellgren, Martha, 1933-
(författare)
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Busstrafiken och dess initiativtagare
- 1996
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Avhandlingens syfte har varit att studera bussföretagarnas roll i att införa och sprida en innovation av stor betydelse för den regionala utvecklingen i Västerbottens län. Det teoretiska angreppssättet knyter an till Dahméns tolkning av företagarnas roll när utvecklingsblock bildas. Metoden har varit att först ge en bild av regionens utveckling med avseende på grundläggande marknadsfaktorer som folkmängd, inkomst- och informationsspridning och sedan undersöka företagens framväxt.De studerade källorna medger en analys av hela företagarepopulationen men är begränsade när det gäller de enskilda aktörerna. En analys av företagarnas yrkes- och ortsmässiga ursprung har dock skett. Resultatet visar att busstrafiken fick en tidig etablering i länet trots dess stora yta och svaga ekonomi och detta tyder på företagssamhet samt på att behov av trafikservice fanns och var möjligt att utveckla.Detta skedde i samverkan mellan myndigheter och företagare och mestadels med företagare som pådrivare. Kombinationen av olika transporter och annan verksamhet gjorde det möjligt att etablera trafik även ute i glesbygden. Busstrafiken i länet fick i stor utsträckning de små byarna som startort och målort blev i första hand ett kommuncentrum vilket innebar att landsbygden öppnades för varor som fanns i de större orterna och städerna och att den offentliga service som växte fram under samma tidsperiod, d v s 1920-30 talen blev allmänt tillgänglig.Busstrafikens etableringsfas sammanföll med en period då Västerbottens län var på stark frammarsch och skedde från ett jordbrukarsamhälle. De stora avstånden, de mycket spridda orterna och avsaknaden av järnvägar i stora delar av länet gjorde de privata företagarnas roll särskilt viktig genom att busstrafiken skapade geografiskt utbredda och regelbundna transporter. Busstrafiken erbjöd en omfattande transportservice för företag och enskilda samt gav resefrihet genom regelbundna turer som öppnade för möjlighet till arbetsresor.Tack vare många enskilda personernas initiativ och innovationsförmåga fick Västerbottens län tidigt en fungerade busstrafik.
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- Humavindu, Michael N.
(författare)
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Essays on public finance and environmental economics in Namibia
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This thesis comprises two papers exploring aspects of public finance and environmental economics in Namibia.Paper [I] estimates the shadow prices of capital, labour and foreign exchange for the Namibian economy. The results suggest that the shadow price of capital for Namibia is 8%. The economic costs of Namibian labour, as a share of financial costs, are 32% for urban semi- and unskilled labour, and 54% for rural semi- and unskilled labour. The economic cost of foreign labour as a share of financial costs is 59%. The estimated range for the shadow exchange rate factor is between 7% and 14% for the Namibian economy.Paper [II] studies the determinants of property prices in the township areas of Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. The study reveals that properties located close to an environmental hazard, such as a garbage dump, sell at considerable discounts. On the other hand properties located near an environmentally favourable location, such as recreational open space, sell at a premium. These results provide evidence of the importance of environmental quality in lower income property markets in developing countries. It is therefore important for Namibian urban planners to incorporate environmental quality within the planning framework for lower income areas.
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- Nilsson, Anders, 1973-
(författare)
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Dimensions and projections
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This thesis concerns dimensions and projections of sets that could be described as fractals. The background is applied problems regarding analysis of human tissue. One way to characterize such complicated structures is to estimate the dimension. The existence of different types of dimensions makes it important to know about their properties and relations to each other. Furthermore, since medical images often are constructed by x-ray, it is natural to study projections.This thesis consists of an introduction and a summary, followed by three papers.Paper I, Anders Nilsson, Dimensions and Projections: An Overview and Relevant Examples, 2006. Manuscript.Paper II, Anders Nilsson and Peter Wingren, Homogeneity and Non-coincidence of Hausdorff- and Box Dimensions for Subsets of ℝn, 2006. Submitted.Paper III, Anders Nilsson and Fredrik Georgsson, Projective Properties of Fractal Sets, 2006. To be published in Chaos, Solitons and Fractals.The first paper is an overview of dimensions and projections, together with illustrative examples constructed by the author. Some of the most frequently used types of dimensions are defined, i.e. Hausdorff dimension, lower and upper box dimension, and packing dimension. Some of their properties are shown, and how they are related to each other. Furthermore, theoretical results concerning projections are presented, as well as a computer experiment involving projections and estimations of box dimension.The second paper concerns sets for which different types of dimensions give different values. Given three arbitrary and different numbers in (0,n), a compact set in ℝn is constructed with these numbers as its Hausdorff dimension, lower box dimension and upper box dimension. Most important in this construction, is that the resulted set is homogeneous in the sense that these dimension properties also hold for every non-empty and relatively open subset.The third paper is about sets in space and their projections onto planes. Connections between the dimensions of the orthogonal projections and the dimension of the original set are discussed, as well as the connection between orthogonal projection and the type of projection corresponding to realistic x-ray. It is shown that the estimated box dimension of the orthogonal projected set and the realistic projected set can, for all practical purposes, be considered equal.
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- Nyberg, Britt
(författare)
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Förskollärarkårens professionaliseringssträvanden 1960 – 2005 ur ett fackligt perspektiv
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The overall point of the study is to describe and understand the endeavours of the pre-school teachers' trade union to establish professionalism within this field of work, from the end of the 1960s to 2005. In order of shed light on the subject the main questions asked and answered in this study were: How does the pre-school teachers' trade union act on issues regarding the autonomy of the pre-school teaching profession? To what extent, and in what way, does the pre-school teachers' trade union strengthen the pre-school teaching profession's position by differentiating itself from, and/or allying itself with other professional groups? Which knowledge base is the pre-school teachers' trade union trying to establish and how does the union act on issues concerning the pre-school teaching profession's knowledge base? How can these endeavours be understood from a gender perspective? The study presents profession and gender theoretical perspectives. It is based on an analysis of trade-union and official documents concerning pre-school, such as government enquiries, general guidelines and formal instructions.The analysis shows that state regulation of pre-school and its teachers has increased over the 45-year period in question. The result of this has been clearer directives but, at the same time, a loss of professional autonomy. The pre-school teachers' trade unions' endeavours to establish a professional monopoly through attempting to differentiate the profession by excluding people without a university degree, has been unsuccessful despite exclusion strategies aimed at nursery nurses. A clear effort can be seen to build an alliance with the teachers in compulsory schools. Aside from extending the pre-school teachers' university training to 3.5 yeras, it is also evident that the move from care and developmental psychology to pedagogy and learning has been effected throough the alliance with the compulsory school teachers. From a gender perspective, the context of pre-school taching can be seen to have changed symbolically from one primarily intended to provide care and monitor children to a more pedagogical institution. Pre-school teachers have become teachers and children´s learning is emphasised more than their development. Overall this means that the pre-school teachers have a new identity and that pre-school teaching is no longer so clearly a woman´s job.
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- Shafie, Termeh, 1979-
(författare)
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On-Site Sampling in Economic Valuation Studies
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- A commonly used sampling design in economic valuation studies is on-sitesampling. If this sampling design is used, the sampling inclusion probabil-ities may be correlated with respondents’ valuations, invalidating welfaremeasures derived from estimates of the probit model. This problem is re-ferred to a length-bias, a problem discovered in other fields of applicationof statistics.The first paper in this thesis outlines different application fields thathave length-bias problems and the suggested model solutions in the litera-ture are presented.The second paper of this thesis proposes a model based on the bivariateordinal probit, a model that can be used to analyze binary choice CV datagathered by on-site sampling. The models is presented, the log-likelihoodis derived, and the properties of the MLE’s are illustrated using a smallsimulation study. The simulation results show the proposed estimator tobe an interesting alternative.
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- Öhman, Lena
(författare)
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Perceived chronic stress, health and cognition
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The aim of this licentiate thesis was to examine consequences of chronic stress for stressrelated diseases and to investigate the chronic stress – cognition relationship. In the first study data covering ten years was used from the Betula Prospective Cohort Study (Nilsson et al., 1997). Based on the ratings on a stress scale, matched samples between 40 and 65 years of age were divided into a high and low stress group. The reported incidence of cardiovascular, diabetes, psychiatric, tumor, and musculoskeletal diseases wasassessed five and ten years after a baseline assessment. The incidence of diseases five years after baseline assessment showed no differences between the groups. After ten years, there was a higher incidence of psychiatric diseases in the high stress group as well as a significant effect for tumors. These results indicated that moderately elevated stress levels may have an impact on psychiatric diseases, especially depression, and possibly also some tumor diseases, but it was concluded that prolonged moderate stress does not appear to be very harmful to health in general. In the second study cognitive performance was studied in chronic stress outpatients and matched controls. A battery of cognitive tests assessing processing speed, attention, episodic-, semantic- and working memory was used. Performance decrements for thechronic stress patients were found in episodic memory, particularly in learning across repeated trials, and in tasks requiring divided attention under either encoding or retrieval of words. Performance differences were also seen in aspects of working memory, mental tempo, semantic access (letter fluency) and prospective memory. It was concluded that executive functioning may be suboptimal in chronic stress patients and that letter fluency and prospective memory tests can be useful as clinical tools when evaluating chronic stressstates. Taken together, the findings indicate that there is no clear association between moderately elevated chronic stress and increased incidence of stress related diseases, whereas certain cognitive functions such as executive functioning appear vulnerable to chronic stress.
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- Abedan Kondori, Farid, 1983-
(författare)
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Human Motion Analysis for Creating Immersive Experiences
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- From an early age, people display the ability to quickly and effortlessly interpret the orientation and movement of human body parts, thereby allowing one to infer the intentions of others who are nearby and to comprehend an important nonverbal form of communication. The ease with which one accomplishes this task belies the difficulty of a problem that has challenged computational systems for decades, human motion analysis.Technological developments over years have resulted into many systems for measuring body segment positions and angles between segments. In these systems human body is typically considered as a system of rigid links connected by joints. The motion is estimated by the use of measurements from mechanical, optical, magnetic, or inertial trackers. Among all kinds of sensors, optical sensing encompasses a large and varying collection of technologies.In a computer vision context, human motion analysis is a topic that studies methods and applications in which two or more consecutive images from an image sequences, e.g. captured by a video camera, are processed to produce information based on the apparent human body motion in the images.Many different disciplines employ motion analysis systems to capture movement and posture of human body for applications such as medical diagnostics, virtual reality, human-computer interaction etc.This thesis gives an insight into the state of the art human motion analysissystems, and provides new methods for capturing human motion.
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