| 1. |
- Frithz-Lindsten, Elisabet, et al.
(författare)
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Functional conservation of the effector protein translocators PopB/YopB and PopD/YopD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Molecular Microbiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0950-382X .- 1365-2958. ; 29:5, s. 1155-1165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virulent Yersinia species cause systemic infections in rodents, and Y. pestis is highly pathogenic for humans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on the other hand, is an opportunistic pathogen, which normally infects only compromised individuals. Surprisingly, these pathogens both encode highly related contact-dependent secretion systems for the targeting of toxins into eukaryotic cells. In Yersinia, YopB and YopD direct the translocation of the secreted Yop effectors across the target cell membrane. In this study, we have analysed the function of the YopB and YopD homologues, PopB and PopD, encoded by P. aeruginosa. Expression of the pcrGVHpopBD operon in defined translocation-deficient mutants (yopB/yopD) of Yersinia resulted in complete complementation of the cell contact-dependent, YopE-induced cytotoxicity of Y. pseudotuberculosis on HeLa cells. We demonstrated that the complementation fully restored the ability of Y. pseudotuberculosis to translocate the effector molecules YopE and YopH into the HeLa cells. Similar to YopB, PopB induced a lytic effect on infected erythrocytes. The lytic activity induced by PopB could be prevented if the erythrocytes were infected in the presence of sugars larger than 3 nm in diameter, indicating that PopB induced a pore of similar size compared with that induced by YopB. Our findings show that the contact-dependent toxin-targeting mechanisms of Y. pseudotuberculosis and P. aeruginosa are conserved at the molecular level and that the translocator proteins are functionally interchangeable. Based on these similarities, we suggest that the translocation of toxins such as ExoS, ExoT and ExoU by P. aeruginosa across the eukaryotic cell membrane occurs via a pore induced by PopB.
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| 2. |
- Jacobsson, Lars
(författare)
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Law and mental health : on the role of lawmaking in the process of developing psychiatric care
- 1998
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Ingår i: Medicine and law. - 0723-1393. ; 17:4, s. 571-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mental health (as well as somatic health) depends on individual biological, psychological and social factors as well as more general societal factors. If one wishes to promote health, it is necessary to work in many different fields hopefully in a synergistic way. As a psychiatrist and clinician one is inclined to believe that developments in psychiatric science and practice are the most important activities to improve the mental health situation in a population. But, at the same time it is apparent that societal processes of social, political and economic nature also play a decisive role. One of the most important factors in the development of society is lawmaking by which its nature is setting the norms in a society and which is also usually combined with some kind of sanction system to support the norms. Lawmakers also have the possibility to interfere in the process of developing knowledge and practice in different fields, for example through supporting treatment and research of a special kind or even to forbid special kinds of treatment and research in certain areas. Lawmakers are also inclined to believe that if there is a law this will be enough to answer these challenges. I think it is extremely important that lawmaking in the field of mental health is in broad agreement with the development in the scientific and practical field of psychiatry and other mental health disciplines. This is the subject of this paper.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Lynöe, Niels, et al.
(författare)
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When others decide : reasons for allowing patients with Alzheimer's disease to participate in nontherapeutic research
- 1998
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Ingår i: International psychogeriatrics. - 1041-6102 .- 1741-203X. ; 10:4, s. 435-436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quality of information given to family members of patients with Alzheimer's disease was studied. The patients had participated in a pharmacological investigation. The relatives were generally satisfied with the information given, and perceived it as adequate. The reasons given for allowing the patients to participate in the investigation were mainly altruistic.
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| 5. |
- Olofsson, Britta, et al.
(författare)
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Nurses' narratives about using coercion in psychiatric care
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0309-2402 .- 1365-2648. ; 28:1, s. 45-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To illuminate nurses' experience of using coercion against psychiatric patients, a phenomenological hermeneutic study was conducted with seven registered nurses and seven enrolled mental nurses. The findings revealed that these nurses desired to be seen by themselves, their co-workers and patients as doing good, being good and providing good care but they experienced the use of coercion as not good. This conflict made it difficult for these nurses to question the use of coercion and consider alternative solutions. The theory of change by Watzlawick et al. (1974) served as a theoretical framework for the interpretation of all interviews regarded as one text. In order to explore alternatives to the use of coercion in psychiatric care, nurses need assistance to step outside the traditional way of regarding coercion in psychiatric care and seek to create new solutions.
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| 6. |
- Sundbom, Elisabet, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and defenses : a cross-cultural study of psychiatric patients and healthy individuals in Nicaragua and Sweden.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Psychological Reports. - 0033-2941 .- 1558-691X. ; 83:3 Pt 2, s. 1331-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined cross-cultural variability in personality and defenses among Nicaraguan and Swedish healthy individuals, patients with borderline personality disorder and schizophrenic disorders by means of the projective perceptual Defense Mechanism Test. The over-all aim was to test the hypothesis proposed by Anthony Marsella of 'severity related cross-cultural variability' suggesting that differences in symptom profile or personality patterns between cultures are most pronounced among healthy individuals and less so among individuals with severe mental disorders as they are perceived as more universal and less culturally determined. The over-all results showed that cross-cultural differences were in accordance with the proposed hypothesis. In addition, there were significant intracultural differences between the different diagnostic groups in both countries. The conclusion is that the Defense Mechanism Test and Partial Least Squares analysis seem to be powerful methods for personality assessment and potentially for cross-cultural research, and culture-specific norms in the Defense Mechanism Test must be employed.
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