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1.
  • Moonens, Kristof, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Structural Insights into Polymorphic ABO Glycan Binding by Helicobacter pylori
  • 2016
  • record:In_t: Cell Host and Microbe. - : Elsevier BV. - 1931-3128 .- 1934-6069. ; 19:1, s. 55-66
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • The Helicobacter pylori adhesin BabA binds mucosal ABO/Le b blood group (bg) carbohydrates. BabA facilitates bacterial attachment to gastric surfaces, increasing strain virulence and forming a recognized risk factor for peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. High sequence variation causes BabA functional diversity, but the underlying structural-molecular determinants are unknown. We generated X-ray structures of representative BabA isoforms that reveal a polymorphic, three-pronged Le(b) binding site. Two diversity loops, DL1 and DL2, provide adaptive control to binding affinity, notably ABO versus O bg preference. H. pylori strains can switch bg preference with single DL1 amino acid substitutions, and can coexpress functionally divergent BabA isoforms. The anchor point for receptor binding is the embrace of an ABO fucose residue by a disulfide-clasped loop, which is inactivated by reduction. Treatment with the redox-active pharmaceutic N-acetylcysteine lowers gastric mucosal neutrophil infiltration in H. pylori-infected Le(b)-expressing mice, providing perspectives on possible H. pylori eradication therapies.
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2.
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3.
  • Li, Jinan, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • The plasminogen activator/plasmin system is essential for development of the joint inflammatory phase of collagen type II-induced arthritis.
  • 2005
  • record:In_t: American Journal of Pathology. - New York : Elsevier. - 0002-9440 .- 1525-2191. ; 166:3, s. 783-792
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • The plasminogen activator (PA) system has been proposed to have important roles in rheumatoid arthritis. Here we have used the autoimmune collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) model and mice deficient for urokinase-type PA (uPA) or plasminogen to investigate the role of the PA system for development of arthritis. Our data revealed that uPA-deficient mice have a lower severity and incidence of CIA than wild-type mice. Furthermore, although >80% of wild-type control mice developed CIA, we found that none of the 50 plasminogen-deficient littermates that were tested developed CIA within a 40-day period. Antibody generation after CII immunization as well as the binding of labeled anti-CII antibodies to the surface of cartilage were similar in wild-type and plasminogen-deficient mice. No sign of inflammation was seen when plasminogen-deficient mice were injected with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies against CII. However, after daily injections of human plasminogen, these mice developed arthritis within 5 days. Our finding that infiltration of inflammatory cells into the synovial joints was impaired in plasminogen-deficient mice suggests that uPA and plasminogen are important mediators of joint inflammation. Active plasmin is therefore essential for the induction of pathological inflammatory joint destruction in CIA.
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4.
  • Prestwich, Annika Hansson, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Lack of plasminogen does not alter the early inflammatory response following a tympanic membrane perforation : a study in plasminogen-deficient mice.
  • 2008
  • record:In_t: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 128:12, s. 1294-1302
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that the early inflammatory response in plasminogen (plg)-deficient mice is not altered compared to that in wild-type (wt) mice. Therefore the chronicity of the perforation in the long-term healing experiment cannot be explained by an impairment of the early inflammatory response, but rather by an impairment in activation of the inflammatory cells. These findings give further insight into the mechanisms resulting in a clinically seen chronic tympanic membrane (TM) perforation and thus possible therapeutic strategies to replace today's conventional surgical treatment of these perforations. OBJECTIVES: Plg has been shown to play an essential role in the healing of TM perforations. In plg-deficient mice a completely arrested healing reaction was seen, resulting in a chronic TM perforation. The mechanisms involved seem to be an abundant neutrophil recruitment, an accumulation of macrophages, an arrested keratinocyte migration, and a massive deposition of fibrin along the TM tissue. However, the exact functional role of plg in the early inflammatory response during healing of TM perforation remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the early inflammatory response, mainly the occurrence of macrophages and neutrophils, during the first 48 h following a perforation in the pars tensa (PT) of the TM, in mice lacking the plasminogen gene compared to the corresponding response in wt mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TMs were perforated in 45 plg-deficient and 39 wt mice. Otomicroscopic evaluation was performed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h after the perforation was made. Mice were harvested at all time points and prepared for morphology including immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC was performed with antibodies targeting macrophages, neutrophils, T and B cells, cytokeratin, and fibrin(ogen). Morphometry was performed regarding the volume percentage of TM tissue occupied by the different inflammatory cells. RESULTS: Perforation of the TM resulted in early otomicroscopic changes of the pars flaccida (PF) in both genotypes. Infiltration of inflammatory cells to PF and the presence of edema occurred as early as 6 h after the perforation was made, in both plg-deficient and wt mice. Morphometry did not reveal any significant differences between the genotypes concerning the occurrence of inflammatory cells. In contrast to the PF, the PT showed only sparse reactions during the experimental period. Furthermore, the migration pattern of keratinocytes did not differ between the genotypes throughout the experimental period.
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5.
  • Shen, Yue, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Mice deficient in urokinase-type plasminogen activator have delayed healing of tympanic membrane perforations
  • 2012
  • record:In_t: PLOS ONE. - : Public library of science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:12, s. e51303-
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Mice deficient in plasminogen, the precursor of plasmin, show completely arrested healing of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, indicating that plasmin plays an essential role in TM healing. The activation of plasminogen to plasmin is performed by two plasminogen activators (PAs), urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA). To elucidate the functional roles of PAs in the healing of TM perforations, we investigated the phenotypes of single gene-deficient mice lacking uPA (uPA(-/-)) or tPA (tPA(-/-)) after TM perforation. Delayed healing of TM perforations was observed in uPA(-/-) mice but not tPA(-/-) mice. The migration of keratinocytes was clearly delayed and seemed to be misoriented in uPA(-/-) mice. Furthermore, fibrin deposition and the inflammatory response were persistent in these mice. Our findings demonstrate that uPA plays a role in the healing of TM perforations. The observed phenotypes in uPA(-/-) mice are most likely due to the reduced generation of plasmin.
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6.
  • Shen, Yue, 1981-, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Plasminogen initiates and potentiates the healing of acute and chronic tympanic membrane perforations in mice
  • 2014
  • record:In_t: Journal of Translational Medicine. - : BioMed Central. - 1479-5876 .- 1479-5876. ; 12
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Background: Most tympanic membrane (TM) perforations heal spontaneously, but approximately 10-20% remain open as chronic TM perforations. Chronic perforations can lead to an impaired hearing ability and recurrent middle ear infections. Traditionally, these perforations must be surgically closed, which is costly and time consuming. Therefore, there is a need for simpler therapeutic strategies. Previous studies by us have shown that plasminogen (plg) is a potent pro-inflammatory regulator that accelerates cutaneous wound healing in mice. We have also shown that the healing of TM perforations is completely arrested in plg-deficient (plg(-/-)) mice and that these mice develop chronic TM perforations. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of local plg injection in acute and chronic TM perforation mice models. Methods: Plg(-/-) mice and wild-type mice were subjected to standardized TM perforations followed by local injection of plg into the soft tissue surrounding the TM. TM perforations with chronic characteristics were induced by leaving TM perforations in plg(-/-) mice untreated for 9 days before treatment. The healing process was observed through otomicroscope and finally confirmed by immunostaining. The quality of TM healing was evaluated based on the morphology of the TM. Result: Daily local injections of plg into the soft tissue surrounding the TM restored the ability to heal TM perforations in plg(-/-) mice in a dose-dependent manner, and potentiated the healing rate and quality in wild-type mice. A single local injection of plg initiated the healing of the chronic-like TM perforations in these mice, resulting in a closed TM with a continuous but rather thick outer keratinocyte layer. However, three plg injections led to a completely healed TM with a thin keratinizing squamous epithelium covering a connective tissue layer. Conclusion: Our data suggests that plg is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of chronic TM perforations in humans.
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7.
  • Fa, M, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Conformational studies of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of the reactive centre of inhibitory and substrate forms, and of their respective reactive-centre cleaved forms.
  • 2000
  • record:In_t: European Journal of Biochemistry. - : Wiley. - 0014-2956 .- 1432-1033. ; 267:12, s. 3729-34
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • The inhibitors that belong to the serpin family are suicide inhibitors that control the major proteolytic cascades in eucaryotes. Recent data suggest that serpin inhibition involves reactive centre cleavage followed by loop insertion, whereby the covalently linked protease is translocated away from the initial docking site. However under certain circumstances, serpins can also be cleaved like a substrate by target proteases. In this report we have studied the conformation of the reactive centre of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) mutants with inhibitory and substrate properties. The polarized steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropies were determined for BODIPY(R) probes attached to the P1' and P3 positions of the substrate and active forms of PAI-1. The fluorescence data suggest an extended orientational freedom of the probe in the reactive centre of the substrate form as compared to the active form, revealing that the conformation of the reactive centres differ. The intramolecular distance between the P1' and P3 residues in reactive centre cleaved inhibitory and substrate mutants of PAI-1, were determined by using the donor-donor energy migration (DDEM) method. The distances found were 57+/-4 A and 63+/-3 A, respectively, which is comparable to the distance obtained between the same residues when PAI-1 is in complex with urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Following reactive centre cleavage, our data suggest that the core of the inhibitory and substrate forms possesses an inherited ability of fully inserting the reactive centre loop into beta-sheet A. In the inhibitory forms of PAI-1 forming serpin-protease complexes, this ability leads to a translocation of the cognate protease from one pole of the inhibitor to the opposite one.
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8.
  • Glise, Lars, 1988, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Disturbed Laminar Blood Flow Causes Impaired Fibrinolysis and Endothelial Fibrin Deposition In Vivo
  • 2019
  • record:In_t: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0340-6245 .- 2567-689X. ; 119:2, s. 223-233
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Endothelial expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is crucial for maintaining an adequate endogenous fibrinolysis. It is unknown how endothelial t-PA expression and fibrinolysis are affected by blood flow in vivo. In this study, we investigated the impact of different blood flow profiles on endothelial t-PA expression and fibrinolysis in the arterial vasculature. Induction of disturbed laminar blood flow (D-flow) in the mouse carotid artery potently reduced endothelial t-PA messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression, and caused fibrin deposition. En face immunohistochemistry demonstrated that arterial areas naturally exposed to D-flow had markedly lower endothelial t-PA levels than areas with sustained laminar blood flow (S-flow), and displayed pronounced fibrin deposition despite an intact endothelium. In t-PA and plasminogen-deficient mice, fibrin deposition did not extend into S-flow areas, indicating that areas of D-flow and S-flow differ, not only in fibrinolytic capacity, but also in coagulation. Furthermore, plasminogen accumulation was found at D-flow areas, and infusion of recombinant t-PA activated fibrinolysis and significantly reduced the fibrin deposits. In conclusion, D-flow potently impairs the fibrinolytic capacity and causes endothelial fibrin deposition in vivo. Our data also indicate that t-PA is the limiting factor for efficient fibrinolysis at the thrombosis-prone D-flow areas in the arterial vasculature.
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9.
  • Li, Jinan, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Contrasting roles of plasminogen deficiency in different rheumatoid arthritis models.
  • 2005
  • record:In_t: Arthritis and Rheumatism. - : Wiley. - 0004-3591 .- 1529-0131. ; 52:8, s. 2541-2548
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contrasting roles of plasminogen deficiency between models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS: We developed a new animal model of arthritis, which we have called local injection-induced arthritis (LIA). In this model, we replaced methylated bovine serum albumin, which is normally used as an immunogen and is injected intraarticularly into the knee joint, with type II collagen (CII) to induce AIA. The severity of CIA, LIA, and AIA in wild-type and plasminogen-deficient mice was evaluated by clinical scoring or histologic grading. Necrosis was determined by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After CII immunization alone, wild-type mice developed arthritis in most of the paws as well as in the knee joints, whereas plasminogen-deficient mice were totally resistant to the disease. Local knee injections of CII or saline slightly enhanced the severity of the knee arthritis in wild-type mice during a 60-day experimental period. Unexpectedly, the plasminogen-deficient mice also developed arthritis in joints that were injected with CII or saline. However, the arthritis was milder than that in their wild-type littermates. Sustained tissue necrosis was found only in the plasminogen-deficient mice after the local injection. CONCLUSION: Our data show that both the antigen and the joint trauma caused by the local injection are critical to explaining the contrasting roles of plasminogen deficiency in CIA and AIA. This further indicates that CIA and AIA have distinct pathogenic mechanisms. The data also suggest that plasmin may be required for the induction of these arthritis models that are critically dependent on complement activation.
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10.
  • Aleshkov, S B, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Biochemical and biophysical studies of reactive center cleaved plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. The distance between P3 and P1' determined by donor-donor fluorescence energy transfer.
  • 1996
  • record:In_t: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 271:35, s. 21231-8
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a fast acting inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAs). In accordance with other serpins, PAI-1 is thought to undergo a conformational change upon reactive center cleavage. In this study we have developed methods to produce and purify reactive center cleaved wild-type PAI-1 and characterized this molecular form of PAI-1 by biochemical and biophysical methods. Incubation with Sepharose-bound trypsin caused cleavage only at the P1-P1' bond in the reactive center and resulted in 39- and 4-kDa polypeptides, strongly held together by noncovalent interactions. Circular dichroism measurements suggest that the reactive center cleavage triggers larger conformational changes than the conversion from the active to the latent form. Cleaved PAI-1 did not bind to either PAs or vitronectin but retained the heparin-binding capacity. To study the structure of cleaved PAI-1 by polarized fluorescence spectroscopy and to measure intramolecular distances, we used cysteine substitution mutants to which extrinsic fluorescence probes were attached. These studies revealed increasing orientational freedom of probes in the P3 and P1' positions upon cleavage. Distance measurements based on fluorescence energy transfer between probes in positions P3 and P1' indicate that these residues are separated by at least 68 +/- 10 A in cleaved PAI-1.
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