| 1. |
- Li, Ying Zhen, et al.
(författare)
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Correlations in different scales of metro carriage fire tests
- 2013
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Ingår i: Brandposten. - Borås : SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. ; :48, s. 28-29
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis of four series of metro carriage fire tests in different scales was carried out. These metro carriage fire tests including 1:10 model scale tests, 1:3 model scale tests, 1/3 carriage section carriage tests and full scale tunnel tests. The correlation between different scales of carriage fire tests is carefully investigated. The mechanism of fire development is very similar in different scales of tests involving fully developed. A critical fire spread is identified as the key parameter to a fully developed carriage fire and is related to a minimum heat release rate. After the critical fire spread, the fire travels along the carriage at an approximately constant speed. The maximum heat release rate obtained for a fully developed fire is dependent on the ventilation conditions and also the type and configuration of the fuels, and a simple equation has been proposed to estimate the maximum heat release rate. Good agreement has also been found between different scales of maximum gas temperature, gas concentration and extinction coefficient. The heat fluxes from the flames could be slightly overestimated in model scales.
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| 2. |
- Claesson, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory fire experiments with a 1/3 train carriage mockup
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A total of six fire tests were conducted in a mock-up of a subway carriage that is about 1/3 of a full wagon length. They were carried out under a large scale calorimeter in a laboratory environment. The aim of the tests was to investigate the initial fire growth in a corner scenario using different types of ignition sources that could lead to a flashover situation. The ignition sources used were either a wood crib placed on a corner seat or one liter of petrol poured on the corner seat and the neighboring floor together with a backpack. The amount of luggage and wood cribs in the neighborhood of the ignition source was continuously increased in order to identify the limits for flashover in the test-setup. The tests showed that the combustible boards on parts of the walls had a significant effect on the fire spread. In the cases where the initial fire did not exceed a range of 400 – 600 kW no flashover was observed. If the initial fire grew up to 700 – 900 kW a flashover was observed. The maximum heat release rate during a short flashover period for this test set-up was about 3.5 MW. The time to reach flashover was highly dependent on the ignition type, wood cribs or backpack and petrol.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Fire incidents during construction work of tunnels
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report summaries guidelines and solutions related to fire safety in underground facilities during the construction phase. Development of different fire scenarios in underground facilities under construction are presented. Based on different design fire scenarios evacuation analysis was carried out. The incident situation of the fire services are discussed and proposals for solutions discussed. Numerous tunnel sites under construction were visited and conclusions obtained from the visits are presented. Test with a large scale tire of a front wheel loader was conducted in order to obtain input for the design fire of construction vehicle. Recommendations for constructors and authorities as well as for fire services are given. These recommendations are based on the work carried out during the project.
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| 5. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Fire test with a front wheel loader rubber tire
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report describes a fire test with a front wheel loader rubber tyre under a large laboratory calorimeter. The aim was to measure the heat release rate when a large vehicle tyre burns. A maximum heat release rate of no less than 3 MW after 90 minutes was recorded. This information will help to assess the process of fire evolution in different types of construction machinery. It is of particular interest in connection with underground fires. It was found that a design value of 0.2 MW/m2 is a good value to employ when one needs to estimate the maximum heat release rate of a large tyre. This value was found to be reasonable when the exposed fuel surface area was definable. Itwas also found that 86 % of the total heat energy was released 2.5 h after ignition.
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| 6. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Runehamar Tunnel Fire Tests
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Five large-scale fire tests, including one pool fire test and four HGV mock-up fire tests, were carried out in the Runehamar tunnel in Norway in year 2003. Detailed information about these tests is presented. In addition, previous work on these tests and new analyses are presented in this report. Heat release rate, fire growth rate, gas temperature, flame length, radiation, fire spread, gas production, ventilation, backside wall temperature, pulsation and backlayering are investigated thoroughly. Simple theoretical models are developed to estimate and predict these parameters. The correlations developed can be used by engineers working on fire safety in tunnels.
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| 7. |
- Kim, Hak Kuen, et al.
(författare)
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Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this study is to develop operational procedures for fire brigades inroad tunnels. Although much progress has been achieved in various fields of fire safety intunnels, very little attention has been paid specifically to fire fighting in tunnels. Thisstudy is focused on obtaining more information concerning how effectively the firebrigade can fight road tunnel fires and what limitations and threats fire brigades may befaced with. This knowledge can help parties involved in tunnel safety to understandsafety issues and enhance the level of fire safety in road tunnels.The report is divided into three main parts. The first part consists of a review of relevantstudies and experiments concerning various key parameters for fire safety and emergencyprocedures. The history of road tunnel fires is then summarised and analyzed. Among allroad tunnel fires, three catastrophic tunnel fires are highlighted, focusing on the activitiesof fire brigades and the operation of technical fire safety facilities. In the second partspecific firefighting operations are developed. This has been based on previousexperience and new findings from experiments performed in the study. In the last part,information is given on how the proposed firefighting operations can be applied to themanagement of fire safety for road tunnels. Two proposals are developed and presented:fire scenarios for firefighting strategies and tunnel classification models for riskmanagement for fire brigades.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Fire incidents during contruction work of tunnels - Model-scale experiments
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report describes a series of model scale tests (1:40 scale) describing the situation before breakthrough in a tunnel during construction. In such a situation this means that there is only one access tunnel, the rest is a system of tunnels with no connection to the surface other than through the inlet tunnel. The tests were carried out in order to investigate the effects of smoke spread and ventilation in a tunnel during construction. The tunnel was tested during different ventilation conditions, lengths and slope. The tunnel consisted of an access part which simulated the access tunnel to the main tunnel. The access tunnel was sloped and the main tunnel was horizontal, directed in two equal distances from the access tunnel. The main tunnel had two dead ends, and a ventilation system that was provided through an air duct in the ceiling. The air duct outlet length and location was varied in the tests. A total of 36 tests were performed. The fire source was a propane burner, delivering a heat release rate equivalent to a full-scale fire of 10 MW. Fibreboard blocks, of different sizes, drenched with heptane were also used to represent the heat release rate of a construction machine.The main findings concerned the effect of the ventilation on the fire development. If the fire occurs before the breakthrough and the fire is too small it will be difficult to obtain fresh air from the access entrance and the fire will decreases in intensity and finally extinguish due to lack of oxygen caused by consumption of oxygen and recirculation of vitiated products back to the fire.
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