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- Haravuori, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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Jokelan ja Kauhajoen ampumissurmille altistuneiden oppilaiden ja opiskelijoiden selviytyminen, tuki ja hoito. : Kahden vuoden seurantatutkimusten loppuraportti
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study explores how the students exposed to the school shootings at Jokela School Centre and the Kauhajoki unit of the Seinäjoki Joint Municipal Authority for Education (Vocational Education Centre Sedu and Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences) have coped with their experiences and how they have received support and care over a follow-up period of two years. The key research questions involve how those who experienced the trauma have recovered, what mental symptoms they have, what mental disorders they have developed and how their functional capacity has been affected. Background factors, the trauma exposure and the support provided are also studied, including their relationship to a good recovery on the one hand and prolonged symptoms on the other. Implementation of the study: Survey forms for the study were circulated at both institutions and in comparison institutions on three occasions: four months after the events, one year after the first survey, and two years after the first survey. Also, more than 200 students were interviewed at Jokela and Kauhajoki. The study was conducted in co-operation with the personnel at the institutions and integrated into the aftercare. Research materials and methods: The study compares data obtained from students at Jokela School Centre to those obtained from students at Pirkkala Upper-Level Comprehensive School and Upper Secondary School, and data obtained from students at the Kauhajoki unit of the Seinäjoki Joint Municipal Authority for Education to those obtained from comparison student group in Kerava. The research materials were also pooled for analyses. The data were collected using assessment forms including questions on background information, academic performance, a posttraumatic symptom survey (the Impact of Event Scale, IES), a general symptom questionnaire (GHQ-12), and questions on substance use, social support, the need for support and care, actual support and care received and whether the latter were adequate. Respondents were also asked about the impact of the media and how stressful they felt the survey to be. Interviews were performed with semistructured instruments to identify possible psychiatric disorders. Findings: The most likely outcome for students exposed to the school shootings was recovering from the shocking events. For the majority, the support from family and friends was significant. Also, immediate crisis help and psychosocial support at the acute stage had reached a significant percentage of the students. These forms of support were adequate to most of those with milder exposure. Those at highest risk of developing symptoms had been provided with acute crisis help indicating that their recognition is possible at an early stage. Most respondents felt that the support they received over the follow-up period had been sufficient. Additional resources for aftercare were phased out during this period, and responsibility for support and care was transferred to primary healthcare and social services. Some ten percent of the students polled continued to exhibit trauma-induced symptoms at the end of the follow-up period. They may need further treatment, particularly psychotherapy and other psychiatric care, for years to come. Being interviewed by reporters was associated with higher risk of trauma-induced symptoms. Also, extensive monitoring of news coverage seemed to correlate with mental symptoms in respondents who had been in the proximity of the events. Respondents did not consider participation in this study to have been unduly stressful; indeed, many felt that it was beneficial for them. The study allowed identification of needs for referral to treatment in some cases, and the students can therefore be considered to have benefited from participating in the study. The summary of findings includes the research team's recommendations on how to provide support and care for those experiencing traumatic events.
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- Haravuori, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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Kauhajoen ampumissurmille altistuneiden opiskelijoiden selviytyminen, tuki ja hoito - Kahden vuoden prospektiivisen seurantatutkimuksen väliraportti.
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This follow-up study analyzes the recovery of students traumatized in a school shooting in Kauhajoki, Finland, September 23rd, 2008, and further studies the support and care they have received. The educational institution in Kauhajoki where the shooting occurred is a combination of a Vocational Education Centre Sedu (a multidisciplinary VET institution, branches: Catering and Home Economics, Health and Social Sciences) and Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences (The Business School branch of Hospitality Management). Students from Kerava were recruited to form a control group. The main study objectives are how the exposed students recover, what kind of psychological symptoms and psychiatric disorders they have, and how they function. Associations between psychological outcomes and background factors are analyzed and the findings are compared to the control students. IMPLEMENTATION: The data were collected using a questionnaire in January 2009, four months after the event. The follow-up phase will continue for two years. The study is carried out in the National Institute for Health and Welfare in co-operation with personnel of the educational institutions. Study is coordinated with aftercare in Kauhajoki. Students will be referred to necessary treatment if their answers in the questionnaire raise a concern. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All the students who had been enrolled in the Kauhajoki educational institutions were invited to participate in the study. The questionnaire included background information and academic performance. Further, students were asked about their exposure to the shooting and about the immediate support and possible trauma-related psychosocial support or care they received. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to assess posttraumatic distress following critical events and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to assess recent changes in a range of psychological and psychosocial symptoms. Items on perceived social support, need and availability of support and care, effects of ideology, effects of media, substance use, dissociation, posttraumatic growth and distress caused by the questionnaire itself were also included. RESULTS: Half of the students in Kauhajoki had been significantly exposed to the events. About one third had general psychological symptoms and two thirds were asymptomatic after four months. The risk for posttraumatic stress disorder was elevated in almost half of the students, which was a significantly higher proportion than observed in control students. The more severe the exposure, the greater amount of posttraumatic distress and general psychological symptoms were observed. Immediate crisis support was offered to a majority of the students. Two thirds of those who accepted the support reported it had helped them. Crisis work within one week of the incident reached two thirds of the students and over two thirds reported it had been helpful. Support was offered more often to the severely exposed. Journalists approached about one half of the students to ask about the events. Three out of four of the approached refused to be interviewed. One third of the students reported feeling worse after being interviewed. Less than one fifth reported the questionnaire as distressing and two thirds were willing to take part in the follow-up. Control students reported questionnaire more often as distressing and willingness to take part in the follow-up was lower. FOLLOW-UP: The questionnaire will be re-administered 12 and 24 months after the first monitoring. Semistructured diagnostical interviews will be utilized also during the follow-up phase
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- Mustonen, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Elämänkulku, mielenterveys ja hyvinvointi. Seurantatutkimus 16-vuotiaista tamperelaisnuorista 22-, 32- ja 42-vuotiaina (TAM-projekti)
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of children and young people and the conditions in which they are brought up lay the foundation for future well-being. People's educational and lifestyle choices in adolescence and early adulthood influence their health and social status far into their adult years. Adulthood and adult well-being are defined by roles at work, in interpersonal relationship, in family, and in other communities as well as by individual needs for change and development. This research report describes the life cycle and well-being from youth to early middle-age of one age group of pupils in Tampere, totalling some 2200 persons. The report summarises key results from a 25-year-long longitudinal study. The survey examines different kinds of risk factors in family backgrounds, adolescence, early adulthood and adult life and their links with mental health and psychosocial well-being. It also studies factors that protect against problems in mental health and well-being in young people's development and in their life cycle. The target group consisted of all Finnish-speaking pupils in the 9th grade of comprehensive school in the city of Tampere in spring 1983 (n = 2269). The research data was collected with a survey questionnaire, which a total of 2194 pupils (96.7%) filled in during one lesson at school. The first follow-up was carried out as a postal questionnaire when the respondents were 22 years old (n = 1656), and the second when the respondents were 32 years old (n =1471). The most recent followup was carried out in 2009 when the respondents were 42 years old (n = 1334). Key topics in all the follow-up surveys have been physical and mental health, health behaviour, social relationships, life situation, and psychosocial resources. The research findings indicate so far that most of the respondents have fared well at the developmental tasks and challenges they have faced in the different stages of their life. It seems, however, that there are risk factors associated with young people's growth and development and the environment in which they grow up, and that these risk factors may have negative effects on well-being in adolescence and far into adulthood. For example, the results indicate that a family's low socio-economic THL – Raportti 17/2013 9 Elämänkulku, mielenterveys ja hyvinvointi status is linked with unhealthy lifestyles in adolescence and a lower level of educational attainment in adulthood. Childhood experience of parents' divorce foretold a higher risk of problems in mental health, interpersonal relationships, and other relationships, as well as a lower socio-economic status in later life. It was also discovered that multiple social deprivation in adolescence is associated with higher mortality in adulthood. Adult depression was linked with depressive symptoms and low self-esteem especially in adolescence. Also, a link was discovered between long-term diseases and mental health. Young people with a long-term disease reported psychosomatic symptoms more often than their peers. In adulthood, a long-term disease was linked with depression among men, but not among women. Men with a long-term disease made more use of emotional means of coping than healthy men, and they had a lower sense of control over their own lives. The most important factors associated with a high level of alcohol consumption were male gender, childhood experience of divorce, depressive symptoms in adolescence, as well as regular binge drinking already at young age. With regard to binge drinking, different kinds of development paths were identified from adolescence to early middle-age. Two kinds of development paths were identified to be associated with various dimensions of social deprivation in early middle-age. These were regular binge drinking from adolescence to early middle among women and men and increasing regular binge drinking during the life-cycle among men. However, no similar link was observed when binge drinking decreased from early adulthood and adulthood. When studying factors that protect against problems of mental health and wellbeing, it was discovered, for example, that good relationship with parents, high selfesteem, and an intimate relationship protected young people against depression in later life. These factors had also an indirect link with the quality of intimate relationships in adult life. In the group of people with a long-term disease, factors protecting against depression included active problem-solving perspective to coping among men and experienced access to social support among women. Changes in individual resources, such as self-esteem, sense of control, and experiencing life as meaningful, were associated with the development of socio-economic inequalities in health in early adulthood. If these resources remained unchanged, also the socio-economic inequalities in health remained unchanged, while an increase in the resources signified a narrowing of the socio-economic inequalities in health. The analysing and reporting of the longitudinal study continue still, and two related dissertations are under way. A number of articles on the study have been published in distinguished scientific journals both in Finland and abroad. The research material has been used in several thesis studies, and the findings have been reported extensively both nationally and internationally. This report includes a list of these THL – Raportti 17/2013 10 Elämänkulku, mielenterveys ja hyvinvointi publications. Those interested in learning more about the research and its themes can study the original publications. The research material forms an internationally valuable follow-up material, and the research results can be utilised especially in social welfare and health care services that aim to promote the mental health and wellbeing of young people and adults. The result can also be used in education services and youth services. The research project and individual researchers have received funding from various sources. We are grateful for all the financial support to our research project. We would like to thank especially the Academy of Finland, the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation and the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation for their significant support in enabling the data collection in different stages of the research, as well as the Tampere University School of Health Sciences and the National Public Health Institute/National Institute for Health and Welfare for providing the premises for conducting the research. We extend our warmest thanks to those who took part in this longitudinal study for their long-term interest in the study and for the valuable information they gave about their own lives.
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