| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Erlandson, R. E., et al.
(författare)
-
Freja observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron ELF waves and transverse oxygen ion acceleration on auroral field lines
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1855-1858
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric field plasma wave emissions were recorded on 2 October 1993 on auroral field lines by the Magnetic Field Experiment during Freja orbit 4770. The ELF wave frequencies were below the local oxygen gyrofrequency (25 Hz) and between the helium and proton gyrofrequencies (100 to 400 Hz). The ELF waves, interpreted as electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, were observed in a region of inverted-v-type electron precipitation. The EMIC waves were correlated over time with auroral and lower energy (≈ 100 eV) electrons, which are both possible sources of free energy, and also with transversely accelerated oxygen ions. The waves above the helium gyrofrequency were more closely correlated with the transverse oxygen ion acceleration than the waves below the oxygen gyrofrequency. These observations are consistent with a scenario in which electron beams generate EMIC waves, which then produce transverse oxygen ion acceleration through a gyroresonant interaction.
|
|
| 3. |
- Feldstein, Y. I., et al.
(författare)
-
Electromagnetic weather at 100 km altitude on 3 August 1986
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 21, s. 2095-2098
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electromagnetic weather at high altitudes above the Earth’s surface is determined by the transport of ionospheric plasma, which in turn is governed by the magnitude as well as the direction of the electric and magnetic fields. Different models [Levitin et al., 1984; Friis-Christensen et al., 1985; Mishin, 1990] have been proposed that allow an estimation of the electromagnetic parameters of the upper atmosphere, given a knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. Here we use one such model to estimate the global convection pattern and its temporal evolution during a pass of the Swedish satellite Viking over the northern polar cap. The model predictions are shown to agree well with the electric and magnetic fields measured along the satellite trajectory. The good agreement implies that the model can be used to reconstruct, with reasonable confidence, the large-scale distribution of electric and magnetic fields and their time-variation in the entire auroral ionosphere.
|
|
| 4. |
- Knudsen, D. J., et al.
(författare)
-
Sub-kilometer thermal plasma structure near 1750 km altitude in the polar cusp/cleft
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1907-1910
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Freja Cold Plasma Analyzer (CPA) measurements from an encounter with the low altitude (approx.1750 km) polar cusp during which the CPA measured 2-D images of the thermal (0-16 eV) particle distributions at 1.2 s time resolution, and simultaneously made rapid estimates (600/s) of integrated thermal particle flux into the instrument. The high resolution data show bursty ion flux enhancements of the order of tens of percent on time scales of tens of ms, or alternatively, hundreds of m spatial scales. The flux of electrons from 0-16 eV also varied by tens of percent and on temporal/spatial scales comparable to those in the ion cases. There is some evidence that the thermal particle flux variations are associated with intense low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations with temporal/spatial scales identical to those seen by the CPA (tens of ms. hundreds of m).
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Lindqvist, Per-Arne, et al.
(författare)
-
Plasma characteristics determined by the Freja electric field instrument
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - 0038-6308. ; 70:3-4, s. 593-602
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new approach to the study of ionospheric plasma characteristics is presented using data from the Freja double probe electric field instrument. Plasma characteristics are derived from continuous measurements of the satellite potential and from intermittent Langmuir sweeps. These provide information on both relative variations in the plasma density and absolute density and temperature, useful for comparisons with other plasma measurements on Freja, and essential for the interpretation of the electric field measurements. The on-board memory makes it possible to obtain full-orbit coverage of this type of information, which is a new feature of the Freja measurements. The memory is also used for high time resolution Langmuir sweeps which allow for the first time detailed studies of the time behavior of the probe response and computation of the probe-plasma capacitance. Comparisons are also made with similar measurements on earlier missions. © 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Marklund, Göran, et al.
(författare)
-
On intense diverging electric fields associated with black aurora
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1859-1862
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results are presented from the double-probe electric field instrument on the Freja satellite with particular focus on the fine-structured and dynamic plasma of the upper auroral ionosphere. The high-resolution measurements show frequently occuring intense and irregular fine-scale electric fields similar to those observed at higher altitudes by, for example, the S3-3 and Viking satellites. Whereas the high-altitude fields tend to be directly related to the auroral fine-structure this is not always the case for the low-altitude fields as illustrated by high-resolution data of a pair of very intense (≈ 1 V/m), narrow electric field structures in the post-midnight sector in the large-scale downward field-aligned current region. The structures are found to be associated with an excess of positive space charge (diverging electric fields), dropouts of precipitating electrons as well as depletions of thermal plasma, and significant wave activity. Combined with the scale-size of the structures (≈ 1 km) and the spacing between them (≈ 5 km) these observations suggest that the intense electric fields are related to east-west aligned vortex street structures of black aurora, similar to auroral curls but with opposite sense of rotation (clockwise seen antiparallel to B) and a total absence of auroral emissions. The detection of these structures was made possible by the relatively low inclination of the Freja orbit, which at times is almost tangential to the auroral oval. Thus, the Freja orbit provides a new perspective for studying many nightside auroral phenomena both at smaller scales (vortices) and at larger scales as exemplified by observations of north-south oriented auroral structures caused by rotational arc distortions.
|
|
| 9. |
- Marklund, Göran, et al.
(författare)
-
The double probe electric field experiment on Freja : Experiment description and first results
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - 0038-6308. ; 70:3-4, s. 483-508
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A description is given of the Freja double-probe electric field instrument. Its capability to perform high-resolution measurements of the aurora and its fine-structure as well as collect information on sub-auroral and low-latitude phenomena is illustrated by selected results from the first six months of operation. The instrument is highly flexible and possible to operate in a number of different modes. It is also equipped with a 4-Megabyte burst memory for high data sampling rate and temporary storage of data. It has been fully operational since October 1992, and delivers data from ≈22 hr day-1 including about 5-6 auroral crossings of the northern and southern auroral ionosphere. New and important information on the auroral fine structure and electrodynamics is obtained by means of burst resolution data (6144 samples s-1) and normal resolution data (768 samples s-1). Common burst data collection triggered by the electric field event detector has turned out to be very useful for the selection of scientifically interesting events. This is illustrated by high-resolution data of a pair of extremely intense and narrow electric field structures (1 V m-1) which are associated with a total absence of precipitating particles, depletions of the thermal plasma and with an intense wave activity. The low inclination of the Freja orbit provides a new perspective for studying largescale phenomena associated with east-west gradients as is exemplified by electric field data from a satellite crossing over north-south oriented auroral structures presumably resulting from rotational distortions of east-west aligned auroral arcs. The different plasma regimes encountered by Freja are continuously monitored by means of current sweeps applied to the probes and by the satellite potential. In addition, overview data (8 samples s-1) are collected from full orbits and stored in the on-board memory and have proved to be extremely valuable, providing new information on global electric field phenomena at subauroral and lower latitudes, such as the intense poleward electric fields and Pc-1 observations that have been made near the plasmapause during substorm activity. © 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
|
|
| 10. |
- Mursula, Kalevi, et al.
(författare)
-
Dispersive Pc1 bursts observed by Freja
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 21:17, s. 1851-1854
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electric field measurements by the Freja double probe sensor are used to study equatorially generated ion cyclotron waves, also called Pc1 pulsations. We have examined the global occurrence and spectral properties of these waves in the upper ionosphere during 12-hour period on Nov. 18, 1992, when a long chain of structured Pc1 waves (pearls) was observed on ground. In agreement with ground observations, Pc1 waves were found to occur as short bursts of 10-25 s in early morning to postnoon MLT sector. Most Pc1 activity was detected within a small latitudinal range, extending from 60-degrees CGMlat at dawn to 630 CGMlat at noon. The latitudinal width of the source was only about 0.5-degrees CGMlat. Observations give evidence for a plasmapause connected source region that was several hours wide in MLT and active during many hours. One burst displayed a fully developed classical dispersive Pc1 pearl, now detected for the first time above the ionosphere. In all studied Pc1 events, two spectral maxima (bands) were observed. The longer Pc1 wave bursts showed evidence for a small time delay between the lower and upper frequency bands, unveiling a new dispersive phenomenon.
|
|
