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- Hayenhjelm, Madeleine, 1972-
(författare)
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Trusting and Taking Risks : a Philosophical Inquiry
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is a philosophical contribution to the theories on trust and on risk communication. The importance of trust in risk communication has been argued for and empirically studied since the 80s. However, there is little agreement on the notion of trust and the precise function of trust. This thesis sets out to study both aspects from a philosophical point of view. The dissertation consists of five essays and an introduction. Essay I is a comment on risk perception theory and the psychometric model in particular. The essay argues that sometimes individuals take risks simply because they are in a vulnerable position and have no other choice. Four factors are identified as crucial in risks from vulnerability: poor outset conditions, lack of reasonable options, hope and liability to disinformation. Essay II addresses the democratic approach to risk communication and the ideal of risk communication as a dialogue between more or less equal stakeholders. The essay develops a typology of different risk communication practices and influence distributions and concludes that the form of risk communication most commonly referred to in the literature is of the most imbalanced kind where all three types of influence falls to the same party. Essay III argues that trust can be understood as comfortable defocusing. Trust as comfortable defocusing means that when a person trusts, he or she is comfortable with letting certain things be in the hands or in the control of the trusted other. Departing from this idea a definition of trust is proposed consisting of three elements: (i) the truster’s comfortable defocusing from the trusted person’s part of caring for X, based on a (ii) belief about the trusted person’s care for X, concerning (iii) something of concern to the truster. Essay IV explores the concept of trustworthiness and under which conditions trust can be betrayed in a morally justified way. It is argued that two aspects are essential for every reasonable notion of trustworthiness: reliability in terms of commitment to trust and predictability in terms of compliance with norms. In order to be untrustworthy in a morally justified way two major conditions need to be fulfilled: first, what is expected from the trustee needs to be either immoral or part of an ongoing immoral or unjust relationship between truster and trustee and, secondly, the trustee must not be in a position to explicitly reject trust. Essay V examines two of the most employed distinctions within the trust literature, that of trust/confidence and of trust/reliance. These distinctions are evaluated against a set of five criteria. It is argued that both these distinctions are employed to cover several distinguishing properties, thus adding to conceptual confusion.
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- Clausen Mork, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Eurocodes and REACH - differences and similarities
- 2007
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Ingår i: Risk Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1460-3799 .- 1743-4637. ; :19, s. 19-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The developments of the new European construction standard (Eurocodes) and the new European chemical legislation (REACH) have taken place in parallel, and they are now both in their final stages. Both consist in European harmonization of safety regulations that concern major industries. In this paper, we compare Eurocodes and REACH in terms of purpose, intended level of harmonization, the science-policy interface and controversies about the costs of the regulations. We have found that the science-policy interface of REACH is characterized by public controversy and by attempts to keep risk assessment and risk management apart while the science-policy interface of Eurocodes is characterized by trust in experts, limited public involvement and organizational confluence of risk assessment and risk management. Furthermore, the costs of REACH have been a major issue in discussions between the Commission and the chemical industry while, in contrast, the costs of Eurocodes have not even been calculated either by the Commission or by the construction industry. A major reason for this is that construction industry does not seem to regard possible cost increases due to Eurocodes as a threat to their business interests. Regulators seem to have treated the cost issue as a business interest, not as an aspect of the decision that they should be concerned with even in the absence of external pressure.
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- Hansson, Sven Ove
(författare)
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Contraction based on sentential selection
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of logic and computation (Print). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0955-792X .- 1465-363X. ; 17:3, s. 479-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The properties of full meet contraction are investigated, and it is shown to be a useful building-block in the construction of composite contraction operators. This is followed by a detailed investigation of specified meet contraction, i.e. the operation divided by such that K divided by p = K similar to f(p), where similar to is full meet contraction and f is a function from sentences to sentences. A number of realistic examples of belief contraction are discussed, and it is shown how the properties of contraction differ according to how the sentence to be contracted is situated in the structure of the belief state. Some plausible properties of f are proposed, and it is shown how they correspond to properties of the contraction operator.
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| 10. |
- Hansson, Sven Ove
(författare)
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En myt om Einstein
- 2007
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Ingår i: Folkvett. - : Vetenskap och folkbildning. - 0283-0795. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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