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- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(author)
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Acoustical conditions in the classroom II : Recall of spoken words in English and Swedish heard at different signal-to-noise ratios
- 2013
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In: 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013, INTER-NOISE 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life. ; , s. 5091-5098
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An experiment will be reported which assessed speech intelligibility and free recall of spoken words in Swedish (native tongue) and in English heard under different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (+3 and +12 dB), and with/without the spoken words being repeated back orally directly after presentation (shadowing). All participants encountered all experimental conditions. Twelve wordlists with 12 words each were generated in English as well as in Swedish. The words were chosen according to their ranks in category norms for the two languages, and no category was the same for the two languages. Blocks of counter balanced presentation orders, S/N-ratios and shadowing/no shadowing were generated. After each wordlist the participants wrote down the words they could recall. Pre-experimental measures of working memory capacity were taken. The basic hypotheses for the recall of the words were that working memory would be overloaded when the S/N-ratio was low, there was no shadowing and when the language was English. A low score on working memory capacity was expected to further enhance these effects. While writing this abstract data collection is still in progress but results will be presented at the conference.
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- Hygge, Staffan, et al.
(author)
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Noise in nature : Environmental stressor or constraint on restoration?
- 2004
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In: 28th International Congress of Psychology, Beijing, 2004.
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Conference paper (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Some conditions that people would not ordinarily appraise as demanding may constrain restoration when experienced in places sought out for restoration. The constraint of restoration by community noise exemplifies this phenomenon. Community noise regulations assume a moderating effect of context on noise annoyance, in that they impose stricter controls on sound levels in locations and at times normally dedicated to restoration. To further explore the constrained restoration phenomenon, in this paper we review research on reactions to human-produced sounds in natural settings, like parks, which many people particularly value for restoration. We also consider ambient sound qualities that promote restoration
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- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(author)
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Speech intelligibility and recall of first and second language words heard at different signal-to-noise ratios
- 2015
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Free recall of spoken words in Swedish (native tongue) and English were assessed in two signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions (+3 and +12 dB), with and without half of the heard words being repeated back orally directly after presentation [shadowing, speech intelligibility (SI)]. A total of 24 word lists with 12 words each were presented in English and in Swedish to Swedish speaking college students. Pre-experimental measures of working memory capacity (operation span, OSPAN) were taken. A basic hypothesis was that the recall of the words would be impaired when the encoding of the words required more processing resources, thereby depleting working memory resources. This would be the case when the SNR was low or when the language was English. A low SNR was also expected to impair SI, but we wanted to compare the sizes of the SNR-effects on SI and recall. A low score on working memory capacity was expected to further add to the negative effects of SNR and language on both SI and recall. The results indicated that SNR had strong effects on both SI and recall, but also that the effect size was larger for recall than for SI. Language had a main effect on recall, but not on SI. The shadowing procedure had different effects on recall of the early and late parts of the word lists. Working memory capacity was unimportant for the effect on SI and recall. Thus, recall appear to be a more sensitive indicator than SI for the acoustics of learning, which has implications for building codes and recommendations concerning classrooms and other workplaces, where both hearing and learning is important.
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- Ljung, Robert
(author)
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Room acoustics and cognitive load when listening to speech
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The present thesis investigated the effects of background noise or a long reverberation time in learning situations. All studies used spoken texts that were presented above the speech intelligibility threshold, but were degraded enough to make listening more effortful. The basic hypothesis for the whole project was that listening to speech in a bad acoustic environment should increase the cognitive load for the listener, which should impair memory of the text. In Paper I the auditory stimuli were lists of words and sentences that were degraded by a background noise. Paper II was a replication of the experiment from paper I, but the independent variable was changed from the level of the background noise to reverberation time. Paper III included two experiments where the stimulus material was 10 minutes lectures.Paper IV included two studies. The first experiment investigated whether serial recall performance is affected when words are presented in long reverberation time (Exp 1a). In experiment 1b word lists were presented in long or short reverberation time or with a background noise. The stimuli were recorded in one classroom with extremely good and one with very bad acoustic design. In experiment 2 word lists with many or few phonological neighbours were presented with long or short reverberation time. In all studies some measure of working memory capacity was included. Taken together, the overall results could be summarized in two sentences: Hearing what is said is a necessary but not a sufficient criterion for people to remember what is said, which means that spoken information should be heard without special effort, otherwise proper learning is jeopardized. No consistent relation was found between working memory capacity and the learning effect in the unfavorable listening conditions.
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