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- Frejman, Axel
(författare)
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With Gods as Neighbours : Extra-temenal activity at Greek rural sanctuaries, 700–200 BCE
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis investigates so-called extra-temenal areas at Greek rural sanctuaries 700–200 BCE. Extra-temenal areas are defined as areas located outside the temenos, which have a functional, administrative and conceptual connection to the sanctuary. The aim is to better understand the use, administration and significance of the areas and activities close to, but outside of the temenos. To facilitate this investigation a field survey project at Labraunda was devised, the Surroundings of Labraunda project, and to complement and contrast the results of this survey, all published material from the sanctuaries of Sinuri in Karia, and Nemea in Korinthia, was examined. Activities could be attested in the surroundings of all three sanctuaries, ranging from everyday household tasks such as cooking and weaving, to building activity, ceramic production, sports, and cult. Most of these activities were spatially concentrated within 500 metres of the temenos, possibly with an internal spatial organisation in which certain parts of the area were dedicated to permanent living, and others to temporary activities during the religious festivals. The activities noted appear to be focussed towards the sanctuary, i.e. they can be expected to have existed by and for the sanctuary’s needs. It can be suggested that there existed a zone around the temenos, perceived as belonging to the sanctuary, and where activities connected to the sanctuary were practised. To conceptualise the activities noted in the surroundings of rural sanctuaries, and the relationship between the extra-temenal and the temenos, the concept of commons was applied in an attempt to understand how the sanctuary could have functioned. Many parallels between ancient Greek rural sanctuaries and commons can be noted, and the sanctuaries are suggested to have functioned as ‘religious commons’, that is, places of shared interest and responsibility for the communities using them, and likewise places of social interaction and construction of identity. The commons perspective can help explain why an all-encompassing function of this type of sanctuary has been difficult to establish, as it emphasises variation rather than uniformity. Religious commons can be expected to have adapted to local conditions, leading to varying expressions of the same basic formula. The commons perspective can also help explain the resilience of rural sanctuaries, and why they had such an important role in the creation and perpetuation of identity in the ancient Greek society.
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- Hughes, Ryan E., et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying Land Use in Past Societies from Cultural Practice and Archaeological Data
- 2018
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Ingår i: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantitative reconstructions of past land use facilitate comparisons between livelihoods in space and time. However, comparison between different types of land use strategies is challenging as land use has a multitude of expressions and intensities. The quantitative method presented here facilitates the exploration and synthetization of uneven archaeological and textual evidence from past societies. The approach quantifies the area required for habitation, agriculture, arboriculture, pasturage, and fuel supply, based on a combination of archaeological, historical, ethnographic and modern evidence from the relevant geographical region. It is designed to stimulate discussion and can be used to test a wide range of hypotheses regarding local and regional economies, ancient trade and redistribution, and the resilience and/or vulnerability of past societies to environmental change. The method also helps identify where our gaps in knowledge are in understanding past human–environment interaction, the ecological footprint of past cultures and their influence on the landscape in a transparent and quantitative manner. The present article focuses especially on the impact of dietary estimates and crop yield estimates, two main elements in calculating land use in past societies due to their uncertainty as well as their significant impact on calculations. By employing archaeological data, including botanical, zoological and isotopic evidence, alongside available textual sources, this method seeks to improve land use and land cover change models by increasing their representativeness and accuracy.
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- Weiberg, Erika, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Human-environment dynamics in the ancient Mediterranean : Keywords of a research field
- 2022
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Ingår i: Opuscula. - : Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome (ECSI). - 2000-0898. ; 15, s. 221-252
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human-environment dynamics in past societies has been a major field ofresearch in the Mediterranean for a long time, but has grown significantly following the increase in the number and quality of palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironmental records in the last two decades. Here we sketch the outline of this field of research based on 1,531 author keywords from 280 peer-reviewed articles published in 78 different scientific journals during 2016–2021. Sourced from the Web of Science, the selected studies cover the time span from the Neolithic to the Roman period across the Mediterranean and provide a large number of entry points for the interested reader regardless of their prior knowledge and specific interests.The results make evident the breadth and interdisciplinary nature of this research and show that it is possible to approach questions of human environment dynamics in many and diverse ways. Among other things, our overview outlines the importance of temporal and spatial scales, as well as the elusive nature of causality, and highlights that monocausal models connecting climate events and societal collapse are increasingly replaced by scenarios favouring more nuanced renditions of the sequence of events within which internal societal factors are given more room for play.
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- Weiberg, Erika, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Land use, climate change and ‘boom-bust’ sequences in agricultural landscapes : Interdisciplinary perspectives from the Peloponnese (Greece)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. - : Elsevier. - 0278-4165 .- 1090-2686. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show that long-term and comparative studies are imperative if we are to identify the interlinkage between land use and climate and understand how vulnerabilities build over time and ultimately decide the societal outcomes of climate change. Using a long-term perspective, we study changes in both the extent and intensity of land use in NE Peloponnese, Greece, across more than two thousand years, from the end of the Middle Bronze Age to Roman times (~1800 BCE–330 CE). When set against a backdrop of paleoclimate information from the Peloponnese, the correspondence between changes in land use extent and climate is significant. Sequences of booms and busts in ancient societies have previously been connected to cycles of agricultural intensification and the balance between population and food supply. Our results suggest that climate can amplify such cycles, but also – importantly – that societies create their own futures in the way that they are able to balance agricultural strategies relative to climate and climate change. Climate conditions may facilitate additional expansion during boom periods, supported by socio-political control functions, but also introduce significant impediments to previously successful strategies and ultimately lead to a crisis through an overexploitation of existing resources.
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