| 1. |
- Björk, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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An Everyday Struggle - Swedish Families' Lived Experiences During a Child's Cancer Treatment
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. - : Elsevier. - 0882-5963 .- 1532-8449. ; 24:5, s. 423-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to elucidate families' lived experience during a child's cancer treatment. Interviews were conducted with members of 11 affected families. A hermeneutical phenomenological approach was chosen. "Focus on the ill child-An everyday struggle" emerged as an essential theme. The families' lived experience of daily life was described as "feeling drained," "disrupting family life," "feeling locked up and isolated," "retaining normality," "becoming experts," and "changing perspectives." The result indicates that life during a child's cancer treatment is a taxing period and that the entire family is in need of support to ease their burdens. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Björk, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Needs of young children with cancer during their initial hospitalization : An observational study
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. - : Sage Publications. - 1043-4542 .- 1532-8457. ; 23:4, s. 210-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to describe young (under the age of 7) children's needs as expressed by their behavior, body language and verbal expression through observations during their initial hospitalization after being diagnosed with cancer. Twelve children under the age of seven were followed during 26 hours with non-participant unstructured observations. Field notes were written after each observation and transcribed into a narrative text, which was analyzed by content analysis at both manifest and latent level. Five themes were identified, of which "need to have the parent close by" was the most prominent. The other themes were "need to play and feel joy," "need for participation in care and treatment," "need for a good relationship with the staff," and "need for physical and emotional satisfaction." The results indicate that the children needed their parents and the parents' presence helped the children to express other needs. Professionals need to support the child and his or her parents so that the parents in their turn can support and alleviate their child's hospitalization and cancer treatment. © 2006 by Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses.
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| 3. |
- Björk, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Striving to survive : Families' lived experiences when a child is diagnosed with cancer
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. - : Sage Publications. - 1043-4542 .- 1532-8457. ; 22:5, s. 265-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When a child is ill with cancer, this affects the whole family for long periods. The aim of this study was to elucidate the family's lived experience when a child in the family was diagnosed with cancer. A descriptive inductive design with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach including interviews with 17 families (parents, children, and siblings) was chosen. The families' lived experience was described as a 2-fold essential theme comprising "a broken life world" and an immediate "striving to survive." The families' secure everyday life disappeared and was replaced by fear, chaos, and loneliness. When striving to make the child and the family survive, family members strove to feel hope and have a positive focus, to gain control, and to feel close to other people. Phenomenological human science research can deepen the understanding of the meaning of being a family with a child who is ill with cancer and can help pediatric oncology staff become increasingly thoughtful, and thus better prepared to take action to diminish the chaos occurring in the family. © 2005 by Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses.
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| 4. |
- Hacker, R Scott, et al.
(författare)
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A Test for Multivariate ARCH Effects
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied Economics Letters. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-4851 .- 1466-4291. ; 12:7, s. 411-417
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper extends Engle's LM test for ARCH affects to multivariate cases. The size and power properties of this multivariate test for ARCH effects in VAR models are investigated based on asymptotic and bootstrap distributions. Using the asymptotic distribution, deviations of actual size from nominal size do not appear to be very excessive. Nevertheless, there is a tendency for the actual size to overreject the null hypothesis when the nominal size is 1% and underreject the null when the nominal size is 5% or 10%. It is found that using a bootstrap distribution for the multivariate LM test is generally superior in achieving the appropriate size to using the asymptotic distribution when (1) the nominal size is 5%; (2) the sample size is small (40 observations) and/or the VAR system is stable. With a small sample, the power of the test using the bootstrap distribution also appears better at the 5% nominal size.
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| 5. |
- Hacker, R Scott, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal lag-length choice in stable and unstable VAR models under situations of homoscedasticity and ARCH
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Statistics. - : Routledge. - 0266-4763 .- 1360-0532. ; 35:6, s. 601-615
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of different information criteria - namely Akaike, corrected Akaike (AICC), Schwarz-Bayesian (SBC), and Hannan-Quinn - is investigated so as to choose the optimal lag length in stable and unstable vector autoregressive (VAR) models both when autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) is present and when it is not. The investigation covers both large and small sample sizes. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that SBC has relatively better performance in lag-choice accuracy in many situations. It is also generally the least sensitive to ARCH regardless of stability or instability of the VAR model, especially in large sample sizes. These appealing properties of SBC make it the optimal criterion for choosing lag length in many situations, especially in the case of financial data, which are usually characterized by occasional periods of high volatility. SBC also has the best forecasting abilities in the majority of situations in which we vary sample size, stability, variance structure (ARCH or not), and forecast horizon (one period or five). frequently, AICC also has good lag-choosing and forecasting properties. However, when ARCH is present, the five-period forecast performance of all criteria in all situations worsens.
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| 6. |
- Hacker, R Scott, et al.
(författare)
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Tests for Causality between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic and Bootstrap Distributions : Theory and Application
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 38:13, s. 1489-1500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Causality tests in the Granger's sense are increasingly applied in empirical research. Since the unit root revolution in time-series analysis, several modifications of tests for causality have been introduced in the literature. One of the recent developments is the Toda-Yamamoto modified Wald (MWALD) test, which is attractive due to its simple application, its absence of pre-testing distortions, and its basis on a standard asymptotical distribution irrespective of the number of unit roots and the cointegrating properties of the data. This study investigates the size properties of the MWALD test and finds that in small sample sizes this test performs poorly on those properties when using its asymptotical distribution, the chi-square. It is suggested that use be made of a leveraged bootstrap distribution to lower the size distortions. Monte Carlo simulation results show that an MWALD test based on a bootstrap distribution has much smaller size distortions than corresponding cases when the asymptotic distribution is used. These results hold for different sample sizes, integration orders, and error term processes (homoscedastic or ARCH). This new method is applied to the testing of the efficient market hypothesis
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