| 11. |
- Ekelund, Mats
(author)
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Generic entry before and after reference prices
- 2001
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper studies the effect of the reference pricing system on generic entry in markets where brand name pharmaceuticals lose patent protection. I find the likelihood of generic entry after patent expiration to decrease, after the introduction of the reference pricing system. According to my estimates savings due to increased competition in markets affected by the reference pricing system may have been outbalanced by higher prices, due to less competition in markets where the reference pricing system led to deterred entry.
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| 12. |
- Ekelund, Mats
(author)
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Innovative Drugs and the Increase in Pharmaceutical Expenditures
- 2001
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper investigates how the growth in pharmaceutical expenditures is determined. A theoretical model of the growth in pharmaceutical expenditures is analyzed and the impact of new innovative drugs on the growth of Swedish pharmaceutical expenditures is studied empirically. The result from the theoretical model is that the potential driving forces of the steady state growth in expenditures are inflation in introductory drug prices, the inflow of new innovative drugs and the increase in the underlying demand. The result from the empirical study is that introductory drug prices have,been stable durin'g this period but that new innovative drugs have opened up new markets and increased the drug consumption. An important conclusion is that the change in the drug price index is of little importance for the growth in pharmaceutical expenditures in steady state. At present, it might be necessary to reduce the access to new innovative drugs if the steady state growth rate is to be reduced.
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| 13. |
- Ekelund, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Innovativeness and Market Shares in the Pharmaceutical Industry
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We analyze the pharmaceutical market with a model of horizontal and vertical product differentiation. The implications from the model are tested on data from the Swedish pharmaceutical market. We find that vertically differentiated drugs gain larger market shares, command higher prices, and are less sensitive to substitutes than drugs that are only horizontally differentiated.
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| 14. |
- Ekelund, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Pharmaceutical pricing in a regulated market
- 2003
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In: Review of Economics and Statistics. - : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (MIT Press): Economics Titles. - 1530-9142 .- 0034-6535. ; 85:2, s. 298-306
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We compare how new pharmaceuticals are priced in the price-regulated Swedish market with how they are priced in the U.S. market, as studied by Lu and Comanor (1998). We collect a data set consisting of all new chemical entities (NCEs) launched in Sweden between 1987 and 1997, and test the same models as Lu and Comanor. In line with their results, we find that introductory prices depend on the degree of therapeutic innovation. Contrary to the results from the U.S. market, Swedish real prices for NCEs fall substantially over time for all classes of therapeutic innovation. Also contrary to the findings of Lu and Comanor, we find no effect of the presence of branded substitutes on either introduction prices or price dynamics. Our results indicate that the price regulation discourages price competition between brandname drugs.
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| 15. |
- Ekelund, Mats, et al.
(author)
-
Selective induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in pancreatic islet of rat after an intravenous glucose or intralipid challenge.
- 2006
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 22:2006 Apr 22, s. 652-660
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Constant exposure of pancreatic islets to high levels of glucose or free fatty acids can lead to irreversible beta-cell dysfunction, a process referred to as glucotoxicity or lipotoxicity, respectively. In this context a role for nitric oxide generated by pancreatic islet has been suggested. The present investigation examined whether the route of glucose administration, i.e., given orally (OG) or infused intravenously (IVG), could have any effect on the expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pancreatic islets. Methods: Rats were infused with glucose (50%) or Intralipid intravenously for 24 h or given glucose orally. A freely fed control group (FF) was also included. At 24 h rats were killed and blood samples were drawn for analysis of plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose. Pancreatic islets were harvested from each animal and investigated for the occurrence of iNOS by the use of confocal microscopy, western blot, and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The effect of intravenously infused glucose was then compared with the effect of an intravenous infusion of Intralipid (IL). Results: Plasma insulin levels were markedly decreased after 24 h of infusion of glucose (IVG group) or Intralipid (IL group) compared with the FF or OG group. Plasma glucagon and glucose levels were markedly increased in the IVG group, whereas both parameters were decreased in the IL group. No significant differences in plasma insulin, glucagon, or glucose were found between the OG and FF groups. Immunocytochemical (confocal microscopy), western blot, and biochemical (high-performance liquid chromatographic) analyses showed that a sustained increase in plasma level of glucose or free fatty acids by an intravenous infusion of either nutrient for 24 h resulted in a marked expression and activity of iNOS in pancreatic islets. No sign of iNOS expression could, however, be detected in the islets of FF control or OG rats. Conclusion: The data suggest that impaired beta-cell function found after 24 It of an intravenous infusion of glucose or Intralipid might be mediated, at least in part, by the induction of iNOS in pancreatic islets. This may subsequently result in an exclusive production of nitric oxide, which is deleterious for beta-cells. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Fan, Bo-Guang, et al.
(author)
-
Total parenteral nutrition influences both endocrine and exocrine function of rat pancreas
- 1997
-
In: Pancreas. - 0885-3177. ; 15:2, s. 147-153
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine the effect of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on the endocrine and exocine function of the pancreas. Endocrine function was investigated using an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT) in rats with TPN for 7 or 14 days. Exocrine function was evaluated by measuring amylase secretion from isolated acini as well as pancreatic weight, water content, protein, and enzymes after 7 days of TPN. When the TPN rats were compared with the controls, the glucose tolerance curve after an IGTT was unchanged, the basal plasma insulin levels were slightly lower and the insulin secretory response to intravenous glucose was markedly impaired. No differences could be seen between the insulin response after 7 days and that after 14 days of TPN. The weight of pancreas, the total content and concentration of pancreatic protein, and the total amylase content of the pancreas were lower, whereas the total content of both chymotrypsin and trypsin was higher. The concentration of DNA remained intact, whereas the total DNA content decreased. The levels of lipolytic enzymes, except for carboxylesterlipase, were unaffected. After TPN treatment, the insulin secretory response to glucose is impaired, the exocrine pancreas is hypoplastic and the storage pattern of pancreatic exocrine enzymes is altered.
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| 18. |
- Gunnlaugsson, Adalsteinn, et al.
(author)
-
Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer : The CORGI-L study
- 2009
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In: European Journal of Cancer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-8049 .- 1879-0852. ; 45:5, s. 807-813
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS: This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4Gy), combined with capecitabine 825mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). CONCLUSIONS: XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.
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| 19. |
- Hedenbro, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Formation of the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry, SOReg
- 2015
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In: Obesity Surgery. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0960-8923 .- 1708-0428. ; 25:10, s. 1893-1900
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Obesity surgery is expanding, the quality of care is ever more important, and learning curve assessment should be established. A large registry cohort can show long-term effects on obesity and its comorbidities, complications, and long-term side effects of surgery, as well as changes in health-related quality of life (QoL). Sweden is ideally suited to the task of data collection and audit, with universal use of personal identification numbers, nation-wide registries permitting cross-matching to analyze causes of death, in-hospital care, and health-related absenteeism. In 2004, the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) was initiated and government financing secured. A project group created a national database covering all public as well as private hospitals. Data entry was to be made online, operative definitions of comorbidity were formed, and complication severity scored. Several forms of audit were devised. After pilot studies, the system has been running in its present form since 2007. Since 15 January 2013, SOReg covers all bariatric surgery centers in Sweden. The number of operations in the database exceeded 40,000 (March 2014), with a median follow-up of 2.94 years. Audit shows that > 98 % of data are correct. All results are publicized annually on the Internet. Using this systematic approach, it has been possible to cover > 99 % of all bariatric surgery, cross-matching our data with nation-wide registries for in-hospital care, cause of death, and permitting regular nation-wide audit. Several scientific studies have used, or are using, what seems to be the most comprehensive database in obesity surgery.
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| 20. |
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