| 1. |
- Lidgard, Hans Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic law - A survey of commercial agency
- 1984
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Ingår i: A Survey of Commercial Agency. ; , s. 206-206
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the title the chapter focuses on on the situation in Sweden as a Nordic example before the harmonization of EU law.
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| 2. |
- S:t Clair Renard, Susanne, 1953-
(författare)
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Fri rörlighet för tjänster : tolkning av artikel 49 EGF
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is concerned with the free movement of services and the interpretation of article 49. The application of article 49 foremost includes all activities within the EC law concept of services, which is to be understood as cross-border economic activities for which the regulations of the other freedoms cannot be applied. As a result of the residual function and the fact that the common market includes all aspects of trade and economy article 49 is applicable to a heterogenic variety of economic activities.The ambit of article 49 has been increasingly widened. National laws regulating not only service activities but also associated legal areas, such as legislation involving national taxation and labour regulations, which indirectly affect the conditions for service activities are within the scope of article 49.This work examines the case law of the Court of Justice and suggests an interpretation of article 49 that differentiates between the actual service activity, the associated legal areas and rights for providers and recipients of services. For service activities, article 49 is to be regarded as a total ban on all restrictions, discriminatory as well as non-discriminatory. The prohibition in article 49 should be interpreted widely, administrative measures and legislation in the service sectors may not in any way hinder or restrict the intra-state trade. As for service associated legal areas article 49 is to be regarded as an expression of the principle of non-discrimination. National legislation in areas such as taxation and procedural laws may not treat foreign services and service providers less favourable. Also rights for providers and recipients of services are confined to equal treatment. Providers and recipients of services from other member states shall benefit from the same rights as nationals.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Atik, Jeffery, et al.
(författare)
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Embracing price discrimination: TRIPS and the suppression of parallel trade in pharmaceuticals
- 2006
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Ingår i: University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law. - 1086-7872. ; 27:4, s. 1043-1076
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In December 2005, the WTO responded to the HIV/AIDS pharmaceutical crisis in the least developed world by voting to make the first permanent amendment to the WTO Agreements since their original negotiation during the Uruguay Round. New Article 31bis will amend the TRIPS Agreement to permit compulsory manufacturing licenses in order to facilitate supply of needed pharmaceuticals to those countries lacking the technological capacity to produce these drugs themselves. The amendment reflects a substantial shift in the essential TRIPS bargain, constituting a significant give-back to those developing countries that specialize in the generic production of pharmaceuticals. To date, however, there has been no significant utilization of this facility (which was provisionally established in August 2003). Rather, patent holders have determined - perhaps under the threat of these newly authorized compulsory licenses - to supply these markets directly with HIV/AIDS drugs at prices much lower than those prevailing in developed country markets. As a condition of doing so, both the pharmaceutical industry and those WTO members that champion their interests have sought and obtained limitations on the parallel trade of drugs subject to differential pricing. This shift away from TRIPS' prior neutrality on parallel trade may well spill-over into additional areas beyond the particular context in which the amendment developed. We make the following observations: 1. TRIPS was previously neutral on the permissibility of parallel trade. Until now, WTO members were free to either permit or prohibit the import and sale of intellectual property ("IP")-covered goods that had been placed into commerce in foreign markets. That is, IP-right holders may or may not be provided with an ancillary right to block the importation and sale of grey-market goods. 2. Parallel trade has not been a solution to assuring the supply of needed drugs to AIDS-stricken regions of the least developed world. Quite simply, there has not been an adequate source-of-supply at prices that the afflicted Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are capable of paying. 3. Compulsory licensing now has a clear legal basis as a result of the TRIPS amendment (and the provisional rule in place since August 2003), yet virtually no countries have resorted to compulsory licensing. 4. HIV/AIDS drug prices in LDC markets have fallen significantly, which suggests that pharmaceutical manufacturers have determined to supply LDC markets directly, instead of permitting LDC demand to be met by generic producers utilizing the amended TRIPS rules on compulsory licensing. Their determination to do so may have been motivated, at least in part, by the threat of compulsory licenses. 5. Both the WTO community and the pharmaceutical industry have embraced a policy of differential prices: high prices in developed markets and dramatically lower prices in LDC markets. There has also been significant differentiation in products supplied. 6. Effective controls on parallel trade are necessary to attain effective differential pricing. Without limits, low-priced drugs supplied to LDC markets would flow back, by operation of arbitrageurs, into high priced markets. This would undercut the economic returns in the high priced markets and starve LDCs of their supply. Thus, at least within the drug sector, TRIPS formal neutrality as applied to parallel trade cannot stand. 7. The European Union and the United States have non-IP restrictions that sharply reduce the likelihood of parallel trade in pharmaceuticals. The observed positional shift in TRIPS from neutrality on parallel trade to opposition may well spill-over from the HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals context into a larger rethinking of the appropriateness of IP-holders engaging in price discrimination.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Groussot, Xavier, et al.
(författare)
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Are there general principles of community law affecting private law?
- 2008
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Ingår i: General principles of EC law in a process of development.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of conference of the Swedish Network for European Legal Studies in Stockholm on March 22 and 23 was to detect and evaluate general principles of European community law. The conference was a follow up to the 1999 Malmö conference on the subject and the question was if there had been any new development. In 1999 general principles of Community law was discussed from the perspective of human rights and administrative law. This time the purpose was broadened and included consequences of the enlargement of the Union and if general principles were emerging, which could impact the sphere of private law. The discussion on general principles has primarily been driven by lawyers specialized in Constitutional and European law. The fact that this time “less experienced” (in the field!) private law lawyers and lawyers from new Member States participated, added new dimensions, perspectives and questions: What is a general principle, how does it develop and what impact does it have. This article argues that the question of general principles is not just a question of detecting important principles of Community law, but that the development signifies an ongoing convergence of interpretation of the law, which will harmonize understanding between civil and common law countries. First of all, the article will define the general principles in private law. Secondly, it will analyze the impact of the general principles on private law within the European Court of Justice (ECJ) case-law.
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| 7. |
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Intellectual property & competition law
- 2010
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Swedish researchers with specific interests in European Market law – IPR, competition and marketing law – join forces to review recent Swedish legislative enactments and case-law developments of particular European interest in national Swedish Courts or the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”). This volume also includes comments on general EU developments from a Swedish perspective.
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| 8. |
- Ledendal, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Copyright Law Ends the Pirate Bay
- 2011
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Ingår i: National Developments in the Intersection of IPR and Competition Law from Maglite to Pirate Bay. - 9781841139449 ; 3, s. 205-217
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Lidgard, Hans Henrik
(författare)
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Anm. av Inger Berg Ørstavik: Innovasjonsspiralen
- 2012
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Ingår i: Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. - 0040-7143. ; 125:5, s. 246-256
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ett patentlicensavtal måste precisera vilken produkt som omfattas av licensen. Ofta anges även att den vidareutveckling av avtalsföremålet som licensgivaren gör ska omfattas av licensen. Om rättighetsinnehavaren upplåter rätt till nyutveckling kan det vara motiverat att licenstagaren på samma sätt bidrar till samarbetet med de uppfinningar som denne kan göra i form av en returlicens – en «grant back». En ganska okomplicerad överenskommelse kan det tyckas. Parterna samverkar på bästa sätt för att dra fördel av den grundläggande uppfinningen. Från en konkurrensrättslig utgångspunkt kan det dock ifrågasättas om saken är så enkel.
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| 10. |
- Lidgard, Hans Henrik
(författare)
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Anm. St Clair Renard, Susanne, Fri rörlighet för tjänster, 2007, Iustus förlag
- 2008
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Ingår i: Europarättslig tidskrift. - 1403-8722. ; :3, s. 825-825
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kommissionen klargör i en konkurrensrapport från 2004 att tjänster spelar en viktig roll för den europeiska ekonomin. 10% av den totala arbetskraften sysslar med professionella tjänster med en omsättning på cirka 1.000 miljarder Euro. Denna sektor, som bara är en del av den totala tjänstesektorn växer med full kraft. 70% av bruttonationalprodukten i enskilda medlemsstater kan hänföras till tjänster, men bara 20% av den mellanstatliga handeln har denna koppling. Skillnaderna tyder på att det europeiska samarbetet bara är i sin linda på tjänsteområdet. Trots områdets betydelse har det inte blivit belyst i Sverige på samma sätt som annan europarätt – t.ex. fria varurörelser eller konkurrensrätt. Susanne St Clair ger sig därför på goda grunder i kast med ett viktigt rättsområde för såväl praktisk verksamhet som akademisk forskning när hon i sitt avhandlingsprojekt behandlar fri rörlighet för tjänster och klargör hur denna frihet kan begränsas av nationella åtgärder.
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