Fleischer suggests that the divergences between the far right in Eastern and Northwestern Europe in the late 2000s could be understood as a difference between multi-fascism, concentrated on the preservation and re-birth of ethnic identities, and mono-fascism, pre-occupied with the defense of "Western" values against perceived threats, foremost from Muslim populations. Although, as Fleischer emphasizes in his afterword, these forms now appear to have been transient, his chapter emphasizes the need for a synthesized and theoretically refined perspective on the contemporary far right.