Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,Salah Azaiz Inst, Dept Epidemiol, Tunis, Tunisia.,UNFPA Asia & Pacific Reg Off, Bangkok, Thailand.
Bhutta, Zulficiar A. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan.;Hosp Sick Children, Ctr Global Child Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.;McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,CSIR Inst Genom & Integrat Biol, Delhi, India.;Baylor Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,Dignitas Int, Zomba, Malawi.,Sanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Alexander, Lily T. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London, England.
Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China.
Violante, Francesco S. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China.,Univ Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,An Najah Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Nablus, Israel.,Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Populat Sci Inst, Tehran, Iran.,Post Grad Inst Med Educ & Res, Sch Publ Hlth, Chandigarh, India. Univ Bath, Bath, Avon, England.,Univ Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Liu, Patrick Y. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,Northwestern Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
Lopez, Alan D. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.;Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
Lozano, Rafael (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.;Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Marczak, Laurie (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Mensah, George A. (författare)
NHLBI, Ctr Translat Res & Implementat Sci, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
Mokdad, Ali H. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.;Iran Univ Med Sci, Dept Community Med, Gastrointestinal & Liver Dis Res Ctr, Prevent Med & Publ Hlth Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.
Naghavi, Mohsen (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Neal, Bruce (författare)
George Inst Global Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Royal Prince Alfred Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Imperial Coll London, London, England.
Reitsma, Marissa B. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,Acad VI Shumakov Fed Res Ctr Transplantol & Artif, Dept Nephrol Issues Transplanted Kidney, Moscow, Russia.,Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Roth, Gregory A. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Salomon, Joshua A. (författare)
Harvard Univ, Dept Global Hlth & Populat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Sur, Patrick J. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Vos, Theo (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Wagner, Joseph A. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Wang, Haidong (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Zhao, Yi (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Zhou, Maigeng (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.;Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China.
Aasvang, Gunn Marit (författare)
Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway.
Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A. (författare)
Luxembourg Inst Hlth LIH, Strassen, Luxembourg.,King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Univ Oxford, Oxford, England.,Anglia Ruskin Univ, Vis & Eye Res Unit, Cambridge, England.,Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.,Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Inst Nacl Salud, Bogota, Colombia.;Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Publ Hlth, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia.
Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (författare)
Jimma Univ, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Abbafati, Cristiana (författare)
Univ Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
Maclntyre, Michael (författare)
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA.,Univ Porto, Fac Farm, Dept Quim, REQUIMTE LAQV,Lab Farmacognosia, Oporto, Portugal.,Fred Hollows Fdn, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Ctr Eye Res Australia, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Contech Sch Publ Hlth, Lahore, Pakistan.;Contech Int Hlth Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abd-Allah, Foad (författare)
Cairo Univ, Dept Neurol, Cairo, Egypt.
Abdulle, Abdishakur M. (författare)
New York Univ Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates.,Social Secur Org Res Inst, Tehran, Iran.;Erasmus Univ, Inst Hlth Policy & Management, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Fac Hlth Sci & Social Work, Trnava, Slovakia.,London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England.,Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.;Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Saudi Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.;Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,JSS Univ, JSS Med Coll, Mysore, Karnataka, India. Kosin Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med Human & Social Med, Busan, South Korea.
Assoc Ivoirienne Bien Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire.
Adsuar, Jose C. (författare)
Univ Extremadura, Caceres, Spain.
Agardh, Emilie Elisabet (författare)
Inst Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
Chitheer, Abdulaal A. (författare)
Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.;McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Minist Hlth, Baghdad, Iraq.
Fitchett, Joseph R. A. (författare)
CSIR Inst Genom & Integrat Biol, Delhi, India.;Baylor Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,Univ Otago, Ctr Int Hlth, Dunedin Sch Med, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Univ Louisville, Louisville, KY USA.,Harvard Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,AT Still Univ, Kirksville, MO USA.,Contech Sch Publ Hlth, Lahore, Pakistan.,Imperial Coll London, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Sch Publ Hlth, London, England.;Lincoln Univ, Sch Psychol, Lincoln, England.,All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India.
Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad (författare)
Lund Univ, Clin Epidemiol Unit, Dept Clin Sci Lund, Orthoped, Lund, Sweden.;Kerman Univ Med Sci, Inst Futures Studies Hlth, Hlth Serv Management Res Ctr, Kerman, Iran.
Ajala, Oluremi N. (författare)
Harvard Univ, Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA.;Univ Pittsburgh, Med Ctr, Mckeesport, PA USA.,Queen Elizabeth Hosp Birmingham, Birmingham, W Midlands, England.;Univ Otago, Sch Med, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Detroit, MI USA.
Akinyemiju, Tomi F. (författare)
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Epidemiol, Birmingham, AL USA.,Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.,Univ Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Luxembourg Inst Hlth LIH, Strassen, Luxembourg.,Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
Alla, Francois (författare)
Univ Lorraine, Sch Publ Hlth, Nancy, France.
Allebeck, Peter (författare)
Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
Alsharif, Ubai (författare)
Charite, Berlin, Germany.
Altirkawi, Khalid A. (författare)
King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon.,Qom Univ Med Sci, Sch Paramed, Dept Emergency Med, Qom, Iran.
Alvarez Martin, Elena (författare)
Govt Delegat Natl Plan Drugs, Minist Hlth, Spanish Observ Drugs, Social Policy & Equal, Madrid, Spain.
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (författare)
Univ Cartagena, Cartagena De Indias, Colombia.
Thomas, Bernadette A. (författare)
Univ Adelaide, Sch Med, Adelaide, SA, Australia.;Bahir Dar Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,HIDN, USAID Global Hlth Bur, MCH Div, Washington, DC USA.,Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Undurraga, Eduardo A. (författare)
Dignitas Int, Zomba, Malawi.,Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.;Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Brandeis Univ, Waltham, MA USA.,Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Sherikashmir Inst Med Sci, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.,Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Univ Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.,Western Univ, Dept Clin Neurol Sci, London, ON, Canada.
Amegah, Adeladza Kofi (författare)
Univ Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
Refaat, Amany H. (författare)
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Environm Hlth Res Ctr, Sanandaj, Iran.;Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland.,Walden Univ, Minneapolis, MN USA.;Suez Canal Univ, Ismailia, Egypt.
Ammar, Walid (författare)
Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon.
Amrock, Stephen Marc (författare)
Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
Andersen, Hjalte H. (författare)
Aalborg Univ, Fac Med, Dept Hlth Sci & Technol, Ctr Sensory Motor Interact, Aalborg, Denmark.
Anderson, Benjamin O. (författare)
Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,Human Sci Res Council, Durban, South Africa.;Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. Univ Autonoma Chile, Talca, Chile.
La Trobe Univ, Judith Lumley Ctr Mother Infant & Family Hlth Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.;Peruvian Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru.
Azzopardi, Peter (författare)
Univ Melbourne, Dept Paediat, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.;Univ Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.;South Australian Hlth & Med Res Inst, Wardliparingga Aboriginal Res Unit, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Fac Med, Toronto, ON, Canada.;Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Bahit, Maria C. (författare)
INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
Balakrishnan, Kalpana (författare)
Sri Ramachandra Univ, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.
Barac, Aleksandra (författare)
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia.
Barber, Ryan M. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Barker-Collo, Suzanne L. (författare)
Univ Auckland, Sch Psychol, Auckland, New Zealand.
Baernighausen, Till (författare)
Harvard Univ, Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA.;Africa Hlth Res Inst, Mtubatuba, South Africa.;Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Heidelberg, Germany.
Barquera, Simon (författare)
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Barregård, Lars, 1948 (författare)
Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för medicin, avdelningen för samhällsmedicin och folkhälsa, enheten för arbets-och miljömedicin,Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Occupational and environmental medicine,Univ Gothenburg, Dept Occupat & Environm Hlth, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Barrero, Lope H. (författare)
Pontificia Univ Javeriana, Sch Engn, Dept Ind Engn, Bogota, Colombia.
Basu, Sanjay (författare)
Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
Bans, Carolina(författare)
Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (författare)
Charles R Drew Univ Med & Sci, Coll Med, 1621 E 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059 USA.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.;Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Kermanshah, Iran.
Univ Leicester, Leicester, Leics, England.,Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.,Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Strassen, Luxembourg.,Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India.
Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain.;INCLIVA Biomed Res Inst, Valencia, Spain.
Gomez-Dantes, Hector (författare)
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Gona, Philimon (författare)
Univ Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125 USA.
Goodridge, Amador (författare)
Inst Invest Cient & Servicios Alta Tecnol INDICAS, Ciudad Del Saber, Panama.
Gopalani, Sameer Vali (författare)
Govt Federated States Micronesia, Dept Hlth & Social Affairs, Palikir, Micronesia.
Gotay, Carolyn C. (författare)
Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Goto, Atsushi (författare)
Natl Canc Ctr, Div Epidemiol, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Tokyo, Japan.
Gouda, Hebe N. (författare)
Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
Gugnani, Harish Chander (författare)
St James Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, The Quarter, Anguilla, Scotland.;St James Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, The Quarter, Anguilla, Scotland. West Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, Charleston, WV USA. Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Guillemin, Francis (författare)
Univ Lorraine, Sch Publ Hlth, Nancy, France.
Guo, Yuming (författare)
Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
Gupta, Rahul(författare)
Gupta, Rajeev(författare)
Gutierrez, Reyna A. (författare)
Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
Haagsma, Juanita A. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.;Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (författare)
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Populat Sci Inst, Tehran, Iran.
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Dubai, U Arab Emirates.,Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.,London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England.
Handal, Alexis J. (författare)
Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
Hankey, Graeme J. (författare)
Univ Western Australia, Sch Med & Pharmacol, Perth, WA, Australia.;Harry Perkins Inst Med Res, Nedlands, WA, Australia.;Western Australian Neurosci Res Inst, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Hao, Yuantao (författare)
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China.
Harb, Hilda L.(författare)
Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (författare)
Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
Maria Haro, Josep (författare)
Parc Sanitari Sant Joan Deu CIBERSAM, St Boi De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.;Univ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh (författare)
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Ctr Air Pollut Res, Inst Environm Res, Tehran, Iran.
Hassen, Tahir Ahmed (författare)
Haramaya Univ, Harar, Ethiopia.
Havmoeller, Rasmus (författare)
Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.
Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Ileana (författare)
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, Norberto (författare)
Comis Nacl Adicc, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
Heydarpour, Pouria (författare)
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr, Neurosci Inst, Tehran, Iran.
Hoek, Hans W. (författare)
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Psychiat, Groningen, Netherlands.;Columbia Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY USA.
Jacobsen, Kathryn H. (författare)
Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Epidemiol & Stat Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA.,George Mason Univ, Dept Global & Community Hlth, Fairfax, VA USA.
Horino, Masako (författare)
Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Nevada Div Publ & Behav Hlth, Carson City, NV USA.
Horita, Nobuyuki (författare)
Yokohama City Univ, Dept Pulmonol, Grad Sch Med, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
Hosgood, H. Dean (författare)
Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA.
Hoy, Damian G. (författare)
Pacific Community, Publ Hlth Div, Noumea, New Caledonia.
Univ Calif San Diego, VA San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA.
Javanbakht, Mehdi (författare)
Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra (författare)
Postgrad Inst Med, Colombo, Sri Lanka.;Inst Violence & Injury Prevent, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Jee, Sun Ha (författare)
Yonsei Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Seoul, South Korea.
Jeemon, Panniyammakal (författare)
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Ctr Control Chron Condit, New Delhi, India.;Publ Hlth Fdn India, Ctr Control Chron Condit, Gurgaon, India.;Ctr Chron Dis Control, New Delhi, India.
Jha, Vivekanand (författare)
Univ Oxford, Oxford, England.;George Inst Global Hlth India, New Delhi, India.
Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Swansea Univ, Swansea, W Glam, Wales.
Kengne, Andre Pascal (författare)
South African Med Researcil, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Keren, Andre (författare)
Assuta Hosp, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair(författare)
Khader, Yousef Saleh (författare)
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan.
Khan, Abdur Rahman (författare)
Univ Louisville, Louisville, KY USA.
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (författare)
Hlth Serv Acad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Khan, Gulfaraz (författare)
United Arab Emirates Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates.
Khang, Young-Ho (författare)
Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea.
Khatibzadeh, Shahab (författare)
Harvard Univ, Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Khera, Sahil (författare)
New York Med Coll, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA.
Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer (författare)
Execut Board Hlth Ministers Council Cooperat Coun, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Khubchandani, Jagdish (författare)
Ball State Univ, Muncie, IN 47306 USA.
Kieling, Christian (författare)
Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.;Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Korea Hlth Ind Dev Inst, Cheongju, South Korea.
Kim, Cho-il(författare)
Kim, Daniel (författare)
Northeastern Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Kimokoti, Ruth W. (författare)
Simmons Coll, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Kissoon, Niranjan (författare)
Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Kivipelto, Miia (författare)
Karolinska Inst, Aging Res Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.
Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Hlth Sci, Ctr Res Populat & Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon.
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene (författare)
Univ Western Sydney, Ctr Hlth Res, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Kyung Hee Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea.
Oh, In-Hwan(författare)
Oladimeji, Olanrewaju (författare)
Human Sci Res Council, Durban, South Africa.;Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. Univ Autonoma Chile, Talca, Chile.
Olivares, Pedro R.(författare)
Towbin, Jeffrey Allen (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.,Le Bonheur Childrens Hosp, Memphis, TN USA.;Univ Tennessee, Hlth Sci Ctr, Memphis, TN USA.;St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (författare)
Ctr Hlth Start Initiat, Lagos, Nigeria.
Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (författare)
Ctr Hlth Start Initiat, Lagos, Nigeria.
Opio, John Nelson (författare)
Lira Municipal Council, Lira Dist Local Govt, Lira, Uganda.
Oren, Eyal (författare)
Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA.
Orozco, Ricardo (författare)
Natl Inst Psychiat Ramon Fuente, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
Ortiz, Alberto (författare)
II S Fdn Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain.
Ota, Erika (författare)
St Lukes Int Univ, Tokyo, Japan.
Mahesh, P. A. (författare)
JSS Univ, JSS Med Coll, Mysore, Karnataka, India. Kosin Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med Human & Social Med, Busan, South Korea.,Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
Pana, Adrian (författare)
Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
Park, Eun-Kee(författare)
Parry, Charles D. (författare)
South African Med Researcil, Alcohol Tobacco & Other Drug Res Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Psychiat, Cape Town, South Africa.;South African Med Res Council, Alcohol Tobacco & Other Drug Res Unit, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Parsaeian, Mahboubeh (författare)
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.;Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Sch Publ Hlth, Tehran, Iran.
Patil, Snehal T. (författare)
Mt Sinai Hlth Syst, New York, NY USA.,Deemed Univ, Krishan Inst Med Sci, Sch Dent Sci, Karad, India.
IRCCS Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy.
Pesudovs, Konrad (författare)
Flinders Univ S Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Petzold, Max, 1973 (författare)
Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för medicin, avdelningen för samhällsmedicin och folkhälsa, enheten för hälsometri,Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Health Metrics,Univ Gothenburg, Hlth Metr Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden.;Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Phillips, Michael Robert (författare)
Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China.;Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
Montefiore Med Ctr, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467 USA.
Rehm, Jurgen (författare)
Univ Toronto, Dalla Lana Sch Publ Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada.;Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Reinig, Nikolas (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Remuzzi, Giuseppe (författare)
IRCCS Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy.;Azienda Osped Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.;Univ Milan, Dept Biomed & Clin Sci L Sacco, Milan, Italy.
Resnikoff, Serge (författare)
Univ New South Wales, Brien Holden Vision Inst, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Populat Sci Inst, Tehran, Iran.
Shen, Jiabin (författare)
Ohio State Univ, Coll Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.;Nationwide Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Columbus, OH USA.
Sheth, Kevin N. (författare)
Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA.
Shi, Peilin (författare)
Tufts Univ, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
Shibuya, Kenji (författare)
Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Shigematsu, Mika (författare)
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan.;Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. Korea Univ, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Grad Sch, Seoul, South Korea. Korea Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea.
Shin, Min-Jeong(författare)
Shiri, Rahman (författare)
Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Work Disabil Prevent, Work Org, Helsinki, Finland.
Shishani, Kawkab (författare)
Washington State Univ, Spokane, WA USA.
Shiue, Ivy (författare)
Univ Edinburgh, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Res Ctr, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.;Northumbria Univ, Fac Hlth & Life Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England.
Shrime, Mark G. (författare)
Harvard Univ, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora (författare)
Reykjavik Univ, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Silva, Diego Augusto Santos(författare)
Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele (författare)
Univ Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
Silverberg, Jonathan I. (författare)
Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
Simard, Edgar P. (författare)
Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
Sindi, Shireen (författare)
Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.
Singh, Abhishek (författare)
Int Inst Populat Sci, Bombay, Maharashtra, India.
Singh, Jasvinder A. (författare)
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
Singh, Prashant Kumar (författare)
Inst Human Dev, New Delhi, India.
Slepak, Erica Leigh (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Soljak, Michael (författare)
Imperial Coll London, London, England.
Soneji, Samir (författare)
Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
Sorensen, Reed J. D. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Sposato, Luciano A. (författare)
Western Univ, Dept Clin Neurol Sci, London, ON, Canada.
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (författare)
Int Med Univ, Dept Community Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
King Fahad Med City, Dept Anesthesiol, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.;Univ Virginia, Dept Anesthesiol, Charlottesville, VA USA.;Cleveland Clin, Outcomes Res Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
Thakur, J. S. (författare)
Post Grad Inst Med Educ & Res, Sch Publ Hlth, Chandigarh, India. Univ Bath, Bath, Avon, England.
Thomas, Bernadette A. (författare)
Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
Thomas, Matthew Lloyd(författare)
Thomson, Alan J. (författare)
Adapt Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada.
Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L. (författare)
Harvard Univ, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.;WorldFish, George Town, Malaysia.
Northwestern Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
Yaseri, Mehdi (författare)
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran.;Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.
Ye, Pengpeng (författare)
Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China.
Yip, Paul (författare)
Univ Hong Kong, Social Work & Social Adm Dept, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.;Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong Jockey Club Ctr Suicide Res & Prevent, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57.8% (95% CI 56.6-58.8) of global deaths and 41.2% (39.8-42.8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211.8 million [192.7 million to 231.1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148.6 million [134.2 million to 163.1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143.1 million [125.1 million to 163.5 million]), high BMI (120.1 million [83.8 million to 158.4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113.3 million [103.9 million to 123.4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103.1 million [90.8 million to 115.1 million]), high total cholesterol (88.7 million [74.6 million to 105.7 million]), household air pollution (85.6 million [66.7 million to 106.1 million]), alcohol use (85.0 million [77.2 million to 93.0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83.0 million [49.3 million to 127.5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Ämnesord
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap -- Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences -- Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine (hsv//eng)
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences (hsv//eng)
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Klinisk medicin (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Clinical Medicine (hsv//eng)
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap -- Beroendelära och missbruk (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences -- Drug Abuse and Addiction (hsv//eng)
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper -- Epidemiologi (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Basic Medicine -- Epidemiology (hsv//eng)