| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Karlsson, Olov, et al.
(författare)
-
Presence of water-soluble compounds in thermally modified wood: Carbohydrates and furfurals
- 2012
-
Ingår i: BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 7:3, s. 3679-3689
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With thermal modification, changes in properties of wood, such as the presence of VOC and water-soluble carbohydrates, may occur. Thermal modifications under saturated steam conditions (160°C or 170°C) and superheated steam conditions (170, 185, and 212°C) were investigated by analysing the presence of water-soluble 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), furfural, and carbohydrates in heat-treated wood. The influence of thermal modifications on Scots pine, Norway spruce, and silver birch was also studied. Furfurals were analysed using HPLC at 280 nm, while monosaccharides and water-soluble carbohydrates were determined by GC-FID as their acetylated alditiols and, after methanolysis, as their trimethylsilylated methyl-glycosides, respectively. The amount of furfurals was larger in boards thermally modified under saturated steam conditions than those treated under superheated steam conditions. Generally, more of HMF than furfural was found in the thermally modified boards. In process water, in which saturated steam conditions had been used, furfural and only traces of HMF were found. Higher content of water-soluble carbohydrates was found in boards treated in saturated steam rather than in superheated steam. After modification in saturated steam, substantial parts of the water-soluble carbohydrates were due to monosaccharides, but only traces of monosaccharides were found in boards treated under superheated steam conditions.
|
|
| 3. |
- Karlsson, Olov, et al.
(författare)
-
Heat treatments of high temperature dried norway spruce boards: Saccharides and furfurals in sapwood surfaces
- 2012
-
Ingår i: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 7:2, s. 2284-2299
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbohydrates that migrate to wood surfaces in sapwood during drying might influence properties such as mould susceptibility and colour. Sugars on the surface of Norway spruce boards during various heat treatments were studied. Samples (350mm×125mm×25mm) were double-stacked, facing sapwood-side outwards, and dried at 110°C to a target moisture content (MC) of 40%. Dried sub-samples (80 mm × 125 mm × 25 mm) were stacked in a similar way and further heated at 110°C and at 130°C for 12, 24, and 36 hours, respectively. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose as well as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural in the sapwood surface layer of treated wood were analysed using HPLC (RI- and UV-detectors). Carbohydrates degraded to a lower extent at 110°C than at 130°C. Furfural and to a larger extent HMF increased with treatment period and temperature. Heat treatment led to a decrease in lightness and hue of the sapwood surface of sub-samples, while chroma increased somewhat. Furthermore, considerably faster degradation (within a few minutes) of the carbohydrates on the surface of the dried spruce boards was observed when single sub-samples were conductively hot pressed at 200°C. Treatment period and initial MC influenced the presence of the carbohydrates in wood surface as well as colour change (ΔE ab) of the hot pressed sub-samples.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Ahmed, Sheikh Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Uneven distribution of preservative in kiln-dried sapwood lumber of Scots pine : Impact of wood structure and resin allocation
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 66:2, s. 251-258
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood lumber was collected after kiln drying and preservative treatment with Celcure AC 800 (a copper-amine wood preservative). Distribution of the preservative throughout the lumber was visually examined. Not all, but some samples showed specific localized areas without any preservative distribution throughout their entire length. Those samples were assessed further for anatomical properties, specifically in impregnated and unimpregnated areas. Additional study was conducted on the morphological nature and redistribution of lipophilic extractives using three different histochemical staining methods. Intrinsic wood properties – especially the frequency of axial resin canals and the percentage of canals blocked – were found to be responsible for the irregular distribution of the preservative. Furthermore, the inability to create continuous and frequent interstitial spaces due to the collapse of thin-walled ray cells throughout the lumber resulted in un-even distribution of preservatives. Staining techniques were useful to localize places with more or less abundance of extractives (e.g., fats) in impregnated and unimpregnated wood, which varied considerably. Histochemical observations revealed information pertaining to the kiln dry specific distribution and redistribution of extractives between the areas. Moreover, resin reallocation and modification in ray parenchyma and resin canals induced by kiln drying would be another reason for the impregnation anomalies.
|
|
| 6. |
- Andersson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Speglingar av en förvaltning i förändring: Reformeringen av Försäkringskassan
- 2012
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Svensk statsförvaltning genomgår, precis som privat sektor, ständigt förändringar och omstruktureringar, drivna av olika samhällstrender, ledarskapsidéer och politiska styrfilosofier. Vid dessa förändringar ställs verksamheten inför vägval som på olika sätt kan påverka dess förmåga att leva upp till omgivningens krav och förväntningar. Samtidigt finns inte utrymme för risktagande, eftersom förvaltningens agerande och beslut kan vara avgörande för individers försörjning och framtid. Det ställer stora krav på dessa myndigheter, som balanserar ekonomimål, demokratimål och rättssäkerhetsmål. Denna bok avser att spegla olika organisatoriska dilemman och utmaningar som myndigheter i svensk och internationell statsförvaltning kan möta. Detta sker med utgångspunkt i en studie av Försäkringskassans enmyndighetsreform år 2005 och dess förändringsarbete under åren därefter. Bokens författare kommer från tre olika ämnesområden: företagsekonomi, nationalekonomi och statsvetenskap. Samtliga är knutna till Lunds universitet och till forskningsprogrammet ”Från många till en?” (2008-2012). Programmet finansierades av Försäkringskassan, men genomfördes självständigt. Med boken hoppas författarna kunna öka förståelsen – och intresset - för frågor om organisation, styrning och ledning i en statsförvaltning i förändring.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Sarwar, Nadeem, et al.
(författare)
-
Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease : a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies
- 2012
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - New York, NY, USA : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 379:9822, s. 1205-1213
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Persistent inflammation has been proposed to contribute to various stages in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R) signalling propagates downstream inflammation cascades. To assess whether this pathway is causally relevant to coronary heart disease, we studied a functional genetic variant known to affect IL6R signalling. Methods: In a collaborative meta-analysis, we studied Asp358Ala (rs2228145) in IL6R in relation to a panel of conventional risk factors and inflammation biomarkers in 125 222 participants. We also compared the frequency of Asp358Ala in 51 441 patients with coronary heart disease and in 136 226 controls. To gain insight into possible mechanisms, we assessed Asp358Ala in relation to localised gene expression and to postlipopolysaccharide stimulation of interleukin 6. Findings: The minor allele frequency of Asp358Ala was 39%. Asp358Ala was not associated with lipid concentrations, blood pressure, adiposity, dysglycaemia, or smoking (p value for association per minor allele >= 0.04 for each). By contrast, for every copy of 358Ala inherited, mean concentration of IL6R increased by 34.3% (95% CI 30.4-38.2) and of interleukin 6 by 14.6% (10.7-18.4), and mean concentration of C-reactive protein was reduced by 7.5% (5.9-9.1) and of fibrinogen by 1.0% (0.7-1.3). For every copy of 358Ala inherited, risk of coronary heart disease was reduced by 3.4% (1.8-5.0). Asp358Ala was not related to IL6R mRNA levels or interleukin-6 production in monocytes. Interpretation: Large-scale human genetic and biomarker data are consistent with a causal association between IL6R-related pathways and coronary heart disease.
|
|
| 9. |
- Svedberg, Gudrun, et al.
(författare)
-
“Do you really want to hear me out?” : young people with varying dis/abilities about their research participation
- 2012
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biographical research where “young people at risk” tell their story in some respect, has increased in quantity in the last two decades. Such social or educational research quite regularly pays attention to gender, ethnicity or social class. Disability is however more rarely dealt with. Maybe this has to do with the voices of disabled people not having been taken seriously in previous research as well as in society at large (cf. Munger & Mertens 2011; Rönnberg et al. 2011). Other possible reasons might be that such research is considered to involve specific methodological difficulties and is associated with rigorous ethical vetting. In this paper we explore methodological and ethical challenges and research strategies concerning interviewing young people with diverse dis/abilities. Conceptually the paper draws on arguments for involving young people in biographical research and inclusive disability research. Some arguments relate to the idea that (disadvantaged) young people should be given a voice and can contribute to knowledge about their experiences, viewpoints and circumstances (cf. Bynes & Rickards 2011; Conolly 2008). Other motives are, for example, that biographical methods may bring research, practice and policy into closer connection (Chamberlain 2002) and that multiple voices makes it possible to see difficulties not only as individual but also as structural (Atkinson 1997). In previous inclusive research focusing on methodological issues there is, however, an angle that is mainly – and paradoxically – disregarded, i.e. that young peoples’ opinions about their research participation seem to be neglected in favour of researchers’ understanding of methodological challenges and strategies. Hence, the paper aims to increase the knowledge of disabled young peoples’ views on their research participation: What are their considerations and motives for the research participation? What critical aspects of the research participation do they identify? What are their opinions on how researchers should encounter young people? Finally, the authors discuss the importance of considering respondents’ views on their research participation to decide on research strategies to encounter challenges when interviewing young people with varying dis/abilities.MethodThe results are based on two interview studies involving 47 young people and young adults living in eight Swedish municipalities, strategically selected for context diversity. A common feature of all respondents is that they have some kind of disability (chiefly learning disabilities or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD), are in transitional circumstances – from school to work, starting their adult life, etc. –, and lack a diploma from upper secondary school resulting in enhanced difficulties on the labour market, no entry to tertiary education, etc. One study involves 21 young adults (9 women and 12 men) 20-30 (on average 22) years old, registered at a public employment office as having a disability. The other study involves 28 (17 women and 11 men) final-year students (19-20 years old) at upper secondary special schools for people with intellectual disability and/or autism. The individual semi-structured interviews were conducted in the respondents’ hometown in 2011, took around one hour to carry out and were recorded (with a few exceptions). The study is part of a research project – Troublesome transitions: School-to-work transitions of young people at risk in a longitudinal perspective – funded by the Swedish Research Council.Expected OutcomesWhen asked about their research participation the young adults pay great attention to informa-tion about the participation and the researchers’ responses when verbally giving their informed consent before the interview. They have various motives for their research participation, but their most common reason is however to make their voices heard to make an impact on research and, hopefully, contribute to improving the conditions for (disadvantaged) young people. Regarding the interview situation the young disabled respondents pinpoint aspects referring to the participant-researcher interaction, i.e. the importance of understanding each other and of creating a comfortable interview alliance. They value, for example, being under-stood and appreciated with respect to their ability, health or poor circumstances at the time of the interview. Sensible approaches to in biographical studies are important, not least when involving young people with varying dis/ablities. The authors argue that researchers are re-sponsible for creating good conditions, and the present study is intended to add to the knowl-edge of such challenges and research strategies. Even though our findings show that the re-spondents pay attention to the same critical methodological aspects that the authors as well as previous research observe, the respondents’ views of those aspects are important.ReferencesAtkinson, Dorothy (1997). An Auto/Biographical Approach to Learning Disability Research. Aldershot, Ashgate. Bynes, Linda J. & Rickards, Field W. (2011). Listening to the Voices of Students With Disabilities: Can Such Voices Inform Practice? Australasian Journal of Special Education, 35:1, 25-34. Chamberlayne, Prue (2002). Conclusions: social transition and biographical work. In: Chamberlayne, Prue; Rustin, Michael & Wengraf, Tom (eds). Biogra-phy and Social Exclusion in Europe. Experiences and life journeys. Bristol: Policy Press. Conolly, Anna (2009). Challenges of Generating Qualitative Data with Socially Excluded Young People. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11:2, 201-214. Munger, Kelly M & Mertens, Donna M. (2011). Conducting Research with the Disability Community: A Rights-Based Approach. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 132: 23-33. Rönnberg, Jerker; Classon, Elisabeth, Danermark, Berth; Karlsson, Thomas (2011). Forskning om funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder 2002-2010 (Research about impairment and disability 2002-2010). Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (in Swedish).
|
|
