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- Alfredsson, Bo
(författare)
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A study on contact fatigue mechanisms
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Surfaces subjected to rolling and sliding contacts maysuffer from contact fatigue. This thesisdeals with solidmechanic aspects of contact fatigue including the descriptionand verificationof explaining mechanisms. The new mechanism forsurface initiated contact fatigue is basedon tensile surfacestresses from local asperity contacts. It is also realised thatsub-surfaceinitiated contact fatigue is the result of tensileresidual stresses that emanate from plasticdeformation belowthe surface. These mechanisms clearly show that contact fatiguecracksfollow the same rules as ordinary fatigue cracks inhardened steel. The thesis contains four papers that treat a new testprocedure named Standing ContactFatigue (SCF). The results ofthe test procedure have played an important role inthedevelopment and verification of the mechanisms for surfaceand sub-surface contact fatigue. The first part of the research work was experimental. Inthis part the SCF test properties wasdecided, crack resultsconfirmed and crack detection methods developed. Herecomparativestudies were performed using some differentmaterials and mechanical properties. It wasverified that SCFcould detect differences in contact fatigue resistance. Next a finite element model of the SCF test was evaluatedthrough the general-purposeprogram MARC. The model includedgraded material properties that originate from heattreatment.The residual surface deformation and surface compliance wereverified againstexperimental results. Crack initiation wasinvestigated in two ways. Firstly, the principalstresses atcritical locations were computed and plotted in a Haighdiagram. The diagramshowed that the cracks initiate in adirection perpendicular to the principal stress with thelargeststress range provided that the principal stress is tensilesometime during the load cycle. Secondly, some high cycle multiaxial fatigue criteria,including the Haigh principal stresscriterion, was evaluatedagainst the SCF crack initiation results. The surface cracklocation waspredicted by including statistical effects using aweakest-link criterion and a three-parameterWeibulldistribution. The SCF crack propagation was investigated by numericalevaluation ofJ1 andJ2integrals. The crack initiation and propagationphases were separated with a threshold criterionand a directioncriterion. It was found that during crack propagation bothsurface andsub-surface contact fatigue cracks follow thedirection with minimum mode II loading. Key words: contact fatigue mechanism; spall; spalling;surface crack; sub-surface crack;elasto-plastic indentation;contact compliance measurement; mixed-mode fatigue;fatiguecrack growth;J-integral; multiaxial fatigue; weakest-link.
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| 2. |
- Alfthan, Johan, 1974-
(författare)
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Micro-mechanically based modeling of mechano-sorptive creep in paper
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The creep of paper is accelerated by moisture content changes. This acceleration is known as mechano-sorptive creep, which is also found in wood and some other materials. Mechano-sorptive creep has been known for several decades but it is still not well understood, and there is no generally accepted model explaining the effect. In this thesis, it is assumed that mechano-sorptive creep is the result of transient redistributions of stresses during moisture content changes in combination with non-linear creep behaviour of the material. The stress redistributions are caused by the anisotropic hygroexpansion of the fibres, which will give a mismatch of hygroexpansive strains at the bonds and hence large stresses each time the moisture content changes. This redistribution will lead to an uneven stress state. If the creep of the material depends non-linearly on stresses this will give an increase in creep rate where the stresses are high, that is larger than the decrease of creep rate where stresses are low, so in average there will be an increase in creep rate. The stress distribution evens out as the stresses relax during creep, and the moisture content has to change again to create a new uneven stress state and maintain the accelerated creep. Two different network models based on this mechanism are developed in this thesis. Numerical simulations show that the models produce results similar to the mechano-sorptive creep found in paper. In the first model it is assumed that creep takes place in the fibre-fibre interfaces at the bonds, in the second the creep of the fibres themselves is accelerated. The second model is further developed. Experiments verify model predictions of the dependence of the amplitude of moisture changes. The second model shows a linear relationship between mechanical load and deformation, although creep of the fibres depends non-linearly on stresses. This linear behaviour is also found in applications. Further analysis shows that the mechanical load can be treated as a small perturbation of the internal stress state caused by moisture content changes. This can be used to develop a linearized model, from which a continuum model can be derived. This leads to a reduction of the necessary number of variables, and a significant increase in speed of calculations. Hence, this linearized continuum model can be used as a constitutive law of paper in problems with complicated geometries, for example a corrugated board box in varying humidity.
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| 4. |
- Barbier, Christophe, 1974-
(författare)
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On folding of coated papers
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The mechanical behaviour of coated papers during folding has been investigated. This problem has been studied with experimental techniques and numerical analyses in order to give a better understanding of the folding properties of coated papers pertinent to the mechanical behaviour in general, and particularly cracking along the fold. A microscopy investigation has been performed. The surface of the folded paper has been carefully examined to study the event of fracture and related issues. The influence of the grammage on the cracking event has been studied and it was shown that the coating material would not fail if the paper sample was sufficiently thin. It was found that a stress or strain based criterion is sufficient to describe the cracking of the coating layers and that the anisotropy of paper should be taken into account when studying the folding process. The finite element method has been used for the numerical analyses remembering that the geometry of the problem is rather complicated, excluding a solution in analytical form. Using different constitutive models for the base stock, it has been shown that the deformation of the coated paper during folding is much governed by the paper substrate. The numerical results also suggested that particular forms of plastic anisotropy can substantially reduce the maximum strain levels in the coating. Furthermore, it has also been shown that delamination buckling, in the present circumstances, has a very small influence on the strain levels in the coating layer subjected to high tensile loading. Dynamic effects have also been studied and it has been shown that a quasi-static analysis of the problem is sufficient in order to describe many of the important features related to cracking. An attempt to model strong anisotropy of paper has been presented and the results indicate that the large anisotropy in the thickness direction of coated papers needs to be taken into account in order to fully understand the mechanics of folding. Finally, an experimental investigation has been presented in order to study if important mechanical properties of the coating material could be determined by microindentation techniques. The results presented indicate that microindentation can be a powerful tool for characterization of these materials, but only if careful efforts are made in order to account for the influence from plasticity as well as from boundary effects. KEYWORDS: folding, coated papers, finite element method, cracking, indentation, anisotropy, plasticity.
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| 6. |
- Bonnaud, Etienne L., et al.
(författare)
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Explicit, Fully Implicit and Forward Gradient Numerical Integration of a Hyperelasto-Viscoplastic Constitutive Model for Amorphous Polymers Undergoing Finite Deformation
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following the growing use of amorphous polymers in an expanding range of applications, interest for polymer mechanical modeling has greatly increased. Together with reliable constitutive models, stable, accurate and rapid integration algorithms valid for large deformations need to be developed. Here, in a framework of hyperelasto-viscoplasticity and multiplicative split formulation, three integration algorithms (explicit, fully implicit and forward gradient) are applied to the polymer model developed by Anand and Gurtin (2003) and respective stability is investigated. The explicit and fully implicit algorithms were furthermore implemented in a commercial Finite Element code and simulations of a simple tensile test are shown to capture the actual deformation behavior of polymers.
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| 7. |
- Bonnaud, Etienne L.
(författare)
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Issues on Viscoplastic Characterization of Lead-Free Solder for Drop Test Simulations
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reliable drop test simulations of electronic packages require reliable material characterization of solder joints. Mechanical properties of lead-free solder were here experimentally investigated for both monotonous and cyclic loading at different strain rates. With regards to the observed complex material behavior, the non-linear mixed hardening Armstrong and Fredrick model combined with the Perzyna viscoplastic law was chosen to fit the experimental data. This model was subsequently implemented into a commercial finite element code and used to simulate drop tests. Actual drop test experiments were conducted in parallel and experimental results were compared to simulations. Prediction discrepancies were analyzed and explanations suggested.
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