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- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Teknikbevakning av stationära fastoxidbränsleceller (SOFC) 2012
- 2013
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Den första fastoxidbränslecellen (SOFC) utvecklades redan 1937, dock har den stora kommersialiseringen väntat. Under 2012 förväntas 20 MW SOFC-system att levereras till kund, att jämföras med 1,3 MW under 2008. Det är främst inom specifika nischmarknader, t.ex. lokal kraftgenerering till datacenter, småskalig kraftvärme för enskilda hushåll samt för militära ändamål där SOFC-system är tillgängliga i dag. Den framtida potentialen är stor inom nämnda områden och även för t.ex. distribuerad kraftgenerering i MW-skala samt för APUer i lastbilar och andra fordon. Det finns offentliga forskningsprogram, stöd till demonstrationsprogram samt investeringsbidrag till privatpersoner och företag i olika former runt om i världen. EU satsar i FCH-JU 666 miljoner SEK (fördelat på vätgas, bränsleceller för transport, stationära system och kraftvärme) bara under 2012, jämfört med 1,59 miljarder SEK i det japanska programmet (varav 125 miljoner SEK direkt till SOFC och 740 miljoner SEK till ENE-FARM projektet att fördelas mellan PEMFC och SOFC). Det tyska vätgas och bränslecellsprogrammet är på 12 miljarder SEK under 2006-2016 (varav 54 % till transportapplikationer, 36 % till stationära applikationer och 10 % till speciella applikationer), att jämföra med det finska programmet som satsar 1,3 miljarder SEK under 2007-2013 på SOFC och PEMFC. I det amerikanska (USA) programmet för fossil energiforskning riktas det under 2013 160 miljoner SEK till SOFC-forskning. Danmark satsar något över 115 miljoner årligen av offentliga medel på bränslecellsforskning som fördelas till SOFC och PEMFC. Trenden är att andelen offentliga medel till demonstrationsprojekt och till stöd för kunder att köpa förkommersiella produkter ökar på bekostnad av medel till ren grundforskning. Notera att de uppräknade forsknings-programmen innefattar olika typer av bränsleceller och information gällande hur stor andel som går till SOFC inte är specificerad. Forskargrupper fortsätter att leverera nya framsteg. Forskare vid Harward har påvisat att en SOFC, med vanadinoxid i anoden, kan lagra en viss mängd elektrokemisk energi, d.v.s. fortsätta att producera en viss effekt även efter det att bränslet tagit slut. Vid Huazhonguniversitetet har produktionsmetoden med plasmasprutning vidareutvecklats. En ny metod med flerfasig sprutning har utvecklats för att övervinna begränsningarna med en olikformig fördelning av porer och partiklar med traditionell plasmasprutning. I Nature Scientific Reports har det rapporterats att en oxidhybrid, med en nanoporös Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ (SSC) katalysatorbeläggning bunden på den interna ytan av ett högporöst La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ (LSGM) substrat, uppvisar en överlägsen katalytisk aktivitet för syrereduceringsreaktioner. ENE-FARM ett litet kraftvärmesystem för enskilda hushåll har stora framgångar på den japanska marknaden och det förväntas säljas ca 20000 system under 2012 (varav ca 10 % SOFC), och år 2015 är förväntningarna 50000 system (varav uppskattningsvis 25 % SOFC). Bloom Energy i USA har levererat system i MW-skala till många datacenter som behöver en hög tillförlitlighet till elektricitet och kanske även en miljövänlig image. Ceramic Fuel Cells säljer sina produkter ”BlueGen” och ”Gennex” i en förkommersiel fas främst på den tyska, brittiska och nederländska marknaden. Det bör noteras att statliga stödsystem, t.ex. feed-in-tariffer eller investeringsbidrag är viktiga för att få ut bränslecellssystem på marknaden i en större skala.
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| 3. |
- Amelin, Mikael
(författare)
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Impact of Trading Arrangements on Imbalance Costs
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today there are plans for large wind power investments in Sweden as well asin the neighbouring countries. At the same time, there is a developmenttowards increased price sensitivity of the consumers. These two changes arepartially connected to each other, because larger volumes wind power willresult in increased price variations in the spot market as well as the real-timebalancing market, which makes it desirable with consumers who are moreactive in the electricity market.This report studies different factors of the electricity trading arrangements,which are of importance to the efficiency of an electricity market with largevolumes of wind power and increased consumption flexibility. The study isbased on a new simulation model, which calculates the price for the differentphases of the electricity trading using supply and demand curves based onthe forecasts that are available in each phase. This model has then beenapplied to a number of test systems, which although fictitious, have the samebasic characteristics as the conditions found in the Nordic electricity market.The following factors of the design of the electricity market have beenstudied:• Planning horizon. The planning horizon refers to the delay time fromwhen the players have to submit bids to the spot market until the actualdelivery hour. The consequence of shortening the planning horizon is that theforecast errors will be smaller, especially for wind power forecasts. The resultsfrom the case study show that a shorter planning horizon is beneficial toalmost all players in the electricity market. If such a change of the electricitymarket is profitable does however depend on whether the value of theimproved forecasts is larger than the administrative costs.• Pricing of wind power imbalances. In the present Nordic electricitymarket, a two-price system is used for generation and a one-price system isused for consumption. An alternative would be to consider wind power asnegative load and include wind power imbalances in the consumptionimbalance of the balance responsible players. This would result in decreasedimbalance costs for wind power producers, but the results from the case studyshow that the differences are small compared to treating wind power as othergeneration. The explanation to this is that the imbalance costs in spite of allare only a few per cent of the wind power producer’ income of sellingelectricity.• Increased consumption flexibility. This reports considers theconsequences of introducing a new form contracts, which allows the retailersto initiate load reductions for certain consumers during a limited number ofhours per year. In the case study, this kind of contracts turned out to bebeneficial to all players (including those who were not themselves balanceresponsible for any consumption). The increased consumption flexibility alsoresulted in improved reliability of supply. These advantages must of course becompared to the costs of introducing such contracts and the necessaryinfrastructure
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| 7. |
- Cervantes, Michel, et al.
(författare)
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Flow measurements in low-head hydro power plants
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hydropower stands for a large part of the energy production portfolio in Sweden and provides about 50% of the electricity needs. Most of the turbines were built some decades ago and are in a need of refurbishment. An important refurbishment period started some years ago and will be continuous. Substantial production gains and adaptation to new market demands may be achieved with such refurbishments. Refurbishments are also stimulated by the government through the electricity certificate system. Efficiency step-ups are thus of importance but challenging due to the presence of mainly low head (H<50 m) machines in Sweden. During the last decades, the Winter-Kennedy method has been used to verify improvements of the efficiency by measuring before and after a refurbishment. The results have for a number of cases shown unpredictable results. There is a need of development to measure accurately the efficiency in order to evaluate the outcome of different refurbishment projects. A workgroup within the Swedish Hydropower Centre (Svenskt Vattenkraftcentrum, SVC) has been formed together with representatives from the majority of the hydro turbine industry in Sweden to address the challenge of flow measurements in low head hydraulic turbines. The present report presents the different methods available with their actual development status and potential to meet low head hydraulic machines constraints. The working group suggests several actions for the development of flow measurements in low head machines. They are divided in 2 categories: long term and short term. The long term actions are typical SVC projects for PhD or/and senior researcher while short term actions are projects for consultant or/and senior researcher. The following actions are suggested in a hierarchical order:Long term projects1. Development of the pressure-time method as an absolute and relative method2. Evaluation of scale-up formula and influence of the parameters differing between model and prototype such spiral inlet boundary conditionsShort term projects1. Procedure/road book for implementation, evaluation and reporting of the Winter-Kennedy method. Continue working on the common guideline drafted in SEK-TK4.2. Systematic error analysis of the Winter-Kennedy method3. Testing of the volumetric method on a full-scale unit to investigate capabilities and evaluate necessary development for low head hydro power plants4. Testing of the tracer dilution method on a full-scale unit to investigate capabilities and evaluate necessary development for low head hydro power plants
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| 8. |
- Edeskär, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Reparationsinjektering av dammar och undergrund : Strategi för forskning och utveckling
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish hydropower dams are aging and the main focus within the hydropower industry is to preserve the functionality of the dams and to adapt to changing conditions and increased safety demands. In general it is more complicated to repair or upgrade a present dam compared to construct a new dam. To completely replace an old dam with a new is in general unrealistic and thus it is important to have access to available and reliable methods for repair and upgrade of existing dams.Today, there is a range of grouting methods that are possible to use for repair purposes on existing dams and their foundations that has been tested internationally or in Sweden. The following methods have been identified for remedial work on dams: compaction grouting, permeation grouting, intrusion grouting and slurry trench. Of these methods, permeation grouting is identified as the most promising method for remedial purposes of a typical Swedish dam and there are several interesting research and development issues connected to this method of importance for the Swedish hydropower industry.Permeation grouting is generally practiced by the use of a combination of grouts, individually adapted to cracks of different sizes. There are several grouts available on the market, but for several of these can the long term performance be doubtful from environmental concerns. There are some thoughs about alternative grout that are promising and that has not yet been tested in Sweden such as e.g. Silica Sol in solution activated by calcium ions.There is a need to develop the grouting techniques and a more engineering based grouting process for dam projects. Especially the injection pressure needs to be further investigated in order to secure the performance of grouting action without endanger the safety or overall performance of the dam. Furthermore, a better control method of the grout spread is needed, where the “real time grouting control method” is recommended for further research. Grouting in flowing regimes and under water pressure are of special interest for the dam industry. Especially with respect to research regarding erosion stable grout mixes.There is today a lack of exchange of experience from previous remedial grouting projects. Historical and future remedial grouting projects are recommended to be documented within the Swedish Hydropower Center (SVC) program.
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| 9. |
- Ekström, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Betongkonstruktioner för havsbaserade vindkraftverk : förstudie
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom en snar framtid kommer många havsbaserade vindkraftverk troligen att byggas runt om Sveriges kuster. Det bör finnas ett behov av gemensamma regler eller tekniska lösningar inför en sådan byggnation så att vindkraftverken som helhet får en avsedd livslängd och små underhållskostnader.
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