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| 2. |
- Holm, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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Dividend or reinvestment when taxes are considered?
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The article analyzes theoretically how a firm maximizes the value of shareholder’s wealth with its policy for dividend/reinvestment of the profit from operations, when taxes are considered. In the study, the net present value, i.e. the present value after deduction for taxes, is used as objective function. Four different taxes are considered. The analysis shows the terms on which it is profitable to receive dividend payout or to reinvest at an arbitrary time. Under the assumption of a unique maximum net present value, the terms at the time for the maximum net present value are also presented. The article can be applied in forest economy.
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| 3. |
- Jonsson, Bengt
(författare)
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Dynamics of field-layer vegetation and tree growth in young Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies stands on microsites in Swedish Lapland
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dynamics of field-layer vegetation, and the growth of planted, pure and mixed stands of Scots pine and Norway spruce in relation to microsite conditions, were studied during 31 years from planting, on a high-altitude site with a harsh climate in Swedish Lapland. Observations were made on 360 circular sample plots on a 6-ha site. Plots had a 3-m radius, and were laid out in a systematic pattern over the site. Site conditions were assessed separately for every individual plot, then related to tree survival and mortality, height and height increment of single trees, and stand volume on individual sample plots. Tree survival, height and height increment of single trees, and stand volume, were correlated with the cover of various species of field-layer vegetation, fertilisation, frost hollows, logging residues and stump occurrence at the local level of 3-m circular plots, for single-species stands and for a species mixture. Norway spruce was more sensitive to site conditions than Scots pine, as shown by clear effects of microsite conditions on height and volume growth. Some species of field-layer vegetation at the sites were also studied, with regard to their distribution in space and development over time.
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| 4. |
- Jonsson, Bengt
(författare)
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Yield in a 30-year-old Pinus contorta stand in a harsh climate
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A 30-year-old Pinus contorta stand, growing on a mediocre site in a harsh climate, was studied with respect to the state and development of individual trees and of the stand as a whole. Competition for space in the crown stratum resulted in greater height increment, the denser was the stand (etiolation). Crown length was affected only to a small extent by stand density. The increase in height increment in dense stands was approximately equal to the decrease at the base of the live crown. This implies that P. contorta maintains a good crown length even in dense stands. In P. contorta stands, the trees can grow closely together, maintain a good crown length and exhibit good growth. In the stand in question, stand volume and increment were directly proportional to the number of stems. A large number of stems resulted in good volume and increment.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Kjell, et al.
(författare)
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Field experiment data available for studies of pre-commercial thinnings
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Between 1953 and 1961 a series of pre-commercial thinning experiments were established in Sweden, in which selective thinning removals to various numbers of stems per hectare were applied. During the years 1970-1985 complementary pre-commercial thinning experiments were established, in which (inter alia) selective pre-commercial thinning treatments were applied at various mean tree heights, in strips, with and without fertilization and/or pruning, and with or without removal of cut trees. In total, experiments were established in 140 stands in Sweden, mainly in Scots pine and Norway spruce sites. The experiments have usually been assessed every five years up to the first thinning (at a dominant height of 12-15 m). Most data from the assessments have now been compiled in a digitized format for convenient computer analyses and results from several analyses are being prepared for publication. The main objectives of this paper are to provide a detailed report of the structure of the experiments and the accessibility of the data. A summary of previously published results based on the experiments is also presented
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| 7. |
- Scherp, Hans-Åke, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Lärande och skolutveckling : Ledarskap för demokrati och meningsskapande
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concept of school development refers to conscious changes taking place on a separate school and encompasses the whole or at least a greater part of the school. The focus of school development is to enhance the quality in the learning processes of the pupils. Local and central authorities have a great confidence in objectives, plans and evaluations in school development. Teachers’ and school leaders’ conceptions of what determines the process of school development have little in common with the conceptions expressed by central authorities. School development from an actor perspective is about finding solutions on problems they encounter in the everyday teaching situation. The aim of the research project was to get a more profound understanding of the school development process.School leaders seem 2004 to a greater extent understand the organisation as an arena for sense making and mutual deep learning than as an arena of instrumental actions in accordance with management by objectives and results with focus on work plans within top-down formulated delimited objectives. Teachers emphasize the importance of clarity with the pedagogical vision of the school and that it is important that school leaders both have a good knowledge and a deep understanding of the everyday life at the school. To be able to build up a deeper understanding of the daily pedagogical work at the school a school leader needs to understand the frames of reference of the teachers, that are the sensemaking conceptions that compose the whole from which teachers understand and handle the different daily situations they encounter. In problem based school development sense making learning processes are organised in which pupils, teachers and school leaders can deepen their understanding about problems that are found to be important. In a learning oriented school the learning competences are being strengthened so that the pedagogical work builds on more fundamental knowledge that comes out of the learning processes.The basis for the analysis consists of individual interviews with school leaders and teachers, surveys to teachers and school leaders and observations of teacher teams, school governing bodies and lessons.
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