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| 2. |
- Bin, Jiang, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Automatic generation of the axial lines of urban environments to capture what we perceive
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 24:4, s. 545-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the concepts of isovists and medial axes, we developed a set of algorithms that can automatically generate axial lines for representing individual linearly stretched parts of open space of an urban environment. Open space is the space between buildings, where people can freely move around. The generation of the axial lines has been a key aspect of space syntax research, conventionally relying on hand-drawn axial lines of an urban environment, often called axial map, for urban morphological analysis. Although various attempts have been made towards an automatic solution, few of them can produce the axial map that consists of the least number of longest visibility lines, and none of them really works for different urban environments. Our algorithms provide a better solution than existing ones. Throughout this paper, we have also argued and demonstrated that the axial lines constitute a true skeleton, superior to medial axes, in capturing what we perceive about the urban environment.
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| 3. |
- Bin, Jiang, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Computing the fewest-turn map directions based on the connectivity of natural roads
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 25:7, s. 1069-1082
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we introduced a novel approach to computing the fewest-turn map directions or routes based on the concept of natural roads. Natural roads are joined road segments that perceptually constitute good continuity. This approach relies on the connectivity of natural roads rather than that of road segments for computing routes or map directions. Because of this, the derived routes posses the fewest turns. However, what we intend to achieve are the routes that not only possess the fewest turns, but are also as short as possible. This kind of map direction is more effective and favorable by people, because they bear less cognitive burden. Furthermore, the computation of the routes is more efficient, since it is based on the graph encoding the connectivity of roads, which is significantly smaller than the graph of road segments. We made experiments applied to eight urban street networks from North America and Europe in order to illustrate the above stated advantages. The experimental results indicate that the fewest-turn routes posses fewer turns and shorter distances than the simplest paths and the routes provided by Google Maps. For example, the fewest-turn-and-shortest routes are on average 15% shorter than the routes suggested by Google Maps, while the number of turns is just half as much. This approach is a key technology behind FromToMap.org - a web mapping service using openstreetmap data.
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| 4. |
- Friberg, Febe, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Nurses’ patient-education work : conditional factors - an integrative review.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Nursing Management. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. - 0966-0429 .- 1365-2834 .- 1365-263X. ; 20:2, s. 170-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: The aim of this review was to identify conditional factors for nurses' patient-education work and to identify foundational aspects of significance when designing studies on this patient-education work. BACKGROUND: A few reviews of nurses patient education work exist, published up to 30 years ago, spawning interest in performing a review of more recent studies. EVALUATION: A search of CINAHL, MEDLINE and ERIC was made for articles dating from 1998 to 2011. Thirty-two articles were selected and an integrative review was performed. KEY ISSUES: Conditional factors were identified and beliefs and knowledge, environment, organization, interdisciplinary cooperation, collegial teamwork and patient education activities. A model was developed to describe foundational aspects of significance when designing studies. CONCLUSIONS: The conditional factors are to be seen as either enabling or hindering the accomplishment of evidence-based patient education and the level of person centredness, patient safe care and ethics - something that has to be considered when designing studies. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: More detailed studies are required to clarify the nature of patient education work and to create realistic conditions that enable the role to be fulfilled in everyday work. Such knowledge is of significance for nursing management in developing supportive activities for nurses.
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| 5. |
- Huang, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting human mobility with activity changes
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 29:9, s. 1569-1587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human mobility patterns can provide valuable information in understanding the impact of human behavioral regularities in urban systems, usually with a specific focus on traffic prediction, public health or urban planning. While existing studies on human movement have placed huge emphasis on spatial location to predict where people go next, the time dimension component is usually being treated with oversimplification or even being neglected. Time dimension is crucial to understanding and detecting human activity changes, which play a negative role in prediction and thus may affect the predictive accuracy. This study aims to predict human movement from a spatio-temporal perspective by taking into account the impact of activity changes. We analyze and define changes of human activity and propose an algorithm to detect such changes, based on which a Markov chain model is used to predict human movement. The Microsoft GeoLife dataset is used to test our methodology, and the data of two selected users is used to evaluate the performance of the prediction. We compare the predictive accuracy (R-2) derived from the data with and without implementing the activity change detection. The results show that the R-2 is improved from 0.295 to 0.762 for the user with obvious activity changes and from 0.965 to 0.971 for the user without obvious activity changes. The method proposed by this study improves the accuracy in analyzing and predicting human movement and lays the foundation for related urban studies.
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| 6. |
- Jiang, Bin, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Agent-based simulation of human movement shaped by the underlying street structure
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 25:1, s. 51-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relying on random and purposive moving agents, we simulated human movement in large street networks. We found that aggregate flow, assigned to individual streets, is mainly shaped by the underlying street structure, and that human moving behavior (either random or purposive) has little effect on the aggregate flow. This finding implies that given a street network, the movement patterns generated by purposive walkers (mostly human beings) and by random walkers are the same. Based on the simulation and correlation analysis, we further found that the closeness centrality is not a good indicator for human movement, in contrast to a long-standing view held by space syntax researchers. Instead we suggest that Google's PageRank and its modified version (weighted PageRank), betweenness and degree centralities are all better indicators for predicting aggregate flow.
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| 7. |
- Jiang, Bin, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Geographic space as a living structure for predicting human activities using big data
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 33:4, s. 764-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inspired by Christopher Alexander's conception of the world - space is not lifeless or neutral, but a living structure involving far more small things than large ones - a topological representation has been previously developed to characterize the living structure or the wholeness of geographic space. This paper further develops the topological representation and living structure for predicting human activities in geographic space. Based on millions of street nodes of the United Kingdom extracted from OpenStreetMap, we established living structures at different levels of scale in a nested manner. We found that tweet locations at different levels of scale, such as country and city, can be well predicted by the underlying living structure. The high predictability demonstrates that the living structure and the topological representation are efficient and effective for better understanding geographic forms. Based on this major finding, we argue that the topological representation is a truly multiscale representation, and point out that existing geographic representations are essentially single scale, so they bear many scale problems such as modifiable areal unit problem, the conundrum of length and the ecological fallacy. We further discuss on why the living structure is an efficient and effective instrument for structuring geospatial big data, and why Alexander's organic worldview constitutes the third view of space.
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| 8. |
- Jiang, Bin
(författare)
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Making GIScience research more open access
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 25:8, s. 1217-1220
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Jiang, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Scaling of geographic space from the perspective of city and field blocks and using volunteered geographic information
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 26:2, s. 215-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scaling of geographic space refers to the fact that for a large geographic area its small constituents or units are much more common than the large ones. This paper develops a novel perspective to the scaling of geographic space using large street networks involving both cities and countryside. Given a street network of an entire country, we decompose the street network into individual blocks, each of which forms a minimum ring or cycle such as city blocks and field blocks. The block sizes demonstrate the scaling property, i.e., far more small blocks than large ones. Interestingly, we find that the mean of all the block sizes can easily separate between small and large blocks- a high percentage (e.g., 90%) of smaller ones and a low percentage (e.g., 10%) of larger ones. Based on this regularity, termed as the head/tail division rule, we propose an approach to delineating city boundaries by grouping the smaller blocks. The extracted city sizes for the three largest European countries (France, Germany and UK) exhibit power law distributions. We further define the concept of border number as a topological distance of a block far from the outmost border to map the center(s) of the country and the city. We draw an analogy between a country and a city (or geographic space in general) with a complex organism like the human body or the human brain to further elaborate on the power of this block perspective in reflecting the structure or patterns of geographic space.
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| 10. |
- Jiang, Bin
(författare)
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The fractal nature of maps and mapping
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geographical Information Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1365-8816 .- 1365-8824 .- 1362-3087. ; 29:1, s. 159-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fractal can be simply understood as a set or pattern in which there are far more small things than large ones, for example, far more small geographic features than large ones on the earth surface, or far more large-scale maps than small-scale maps for a geographic region. This article attempts to argue and provide evidence for the fractal nature of maps and mapping. It is the underlying fractal structure of geographic features, either natural or man-made, that make reality mappable, large-scale maps generalizable, and cities imageable. The fractal nature is also what underlies the beauty of maps. After introducing some key fractal concepts such as recursion, self-similarity, scaling ratio, and scaling exponent, this article demonstrates that fractal thought is rooted in long-standing map-making practices such as series maps subdivision, visual hierarchy, and Töpfer's radical law. Drawing on previous studies on head/tail breaks, mapping can be considered a head/tail breaks process; that is to divide things around an average, according to their geometric, topological and/or semantic properties, into the head (for those above the average) and the tail (for those below the average), and recursively continue the dividing process for the head for map generalization, statistical mapping, and cognitive mapping. Given the fractal nature of maps and mapping, cartography should be considered a perfect combination of science and art, and scaling must be formulated as a law of cartography or that of geography in general.
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