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| 2. |
- Gustafsson, Mathias Petter, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Overharvesting of resources of unknown size
- 1999
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918. ; 103:1-2, s. 47-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two resource-dilemma experiments participants were free to request an amount from an available resource whose size was a random variable with a uniform distribution either within a small interval (low resource uncertainty) or within a large interval (high resource uncertainty). In Experiment 1, one group of 20 undergraduates guessed the size of the resource as well as rated how confident they were. In three other groups equal numbers of undergraduates requested an amount which they would receive if it did not exceed the available resource. In one of these groups the outcome was only dependent on resource size, whereas in the remaining groups the outcome also depended on the requests by four other unfamiliar subjects who were either real or imaginary. Partially supporting a perceptual-bias explanation, subjects were in all groups found to overestimate or overharvest when resource uncertainty increased. Yet, an optimism or outcome-desirability bias explanation was maintained since the requests increased more with resource uncertainty than did the guesses whether or not the outcome depended on otherś requests. Experiment 2 employed another three groups of 20 undergraduates in a step-level resource-dilemma. Confirming the conclusion of Experiment 1, the results supported the outcome-desirability bias explanation but failed to support an egoism-bias explanation in showing that the overharvesting effect of resource uncertainty was not affected by social uncertainty.
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- Hemeren, Paul E.
(författare)
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Frequency, ordinal position and semantic distance as measures of cross-cultural stability and hierarchies for action verbs
- 1996
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 91:1, s. 39-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish and English (American) speaking subjects were given a superordinate description for a general class of actions that depict bodily movement. Based on a listing task similar to the one used in Battig and Montague (1969), the subjects were instructed to list all the actions that conformed to the superordinate. The results of the task indicate graded structure for the superordinate category as well as hierarchical relations between a basic and subordinate level as shown by measures of response frequencies and mean ordinal positions. These measures also correlated highly between the Swedish and American samples for the most frequently listed verbs, indicating a strong degree of cross-cultural stability. In an additional test of this stability, the ordinal positions of the verbs were used as proximity data in multidimensional scaling analyses in order to obtain a measure of the semantic distance between the different verbs. A correlation between the Swedish and American samples, using the derived distances for all possible pairs of the verbs, revealed a significant degree of stability. Furthermore, groupings of locomotory and vocal actions in the 3-dimensional multidimensional scaling solutions showed a tendency towards a much stronger stability. A speculative account of these results is proposed in terms of the physical constraints in human motion and the frequency of performing or seeing others perform actions around us.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, G., et al.
(författare)
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Motion perception and personality, I
- 1955
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 11:2-4, s. 289-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments in the field of motion perception had indicated that there were good reasons for assuming a correlation between an analytical or isolating attitude in perception and a tendency to social isolation. The hypothesis advanced was: Those Ss who obtain extremely high scores in the velocity synthesis test, will be characterized, in the description of their personality, by traits like autism, or a low degree of social contact. This hypothesis has been tested and the result may be taken as confirming the validity of the hypothesis.
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| 7. |
- Rönnberg, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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The cognitive neuroscience of signed language
- 2000
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 105:2-3, s. 237-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present article is an assessment of the current state of knowledge in the field of cognitive neuroscience of signed language. Reviewed lesion data show that the left hemisphere is dominant for perception and production of signed language in aphasies, in a fashion similar to spoken language aphasia. Several neuropsychological dissociations support this claim: Nonlinguistic visuospatial functions can be dissociated from spatial functions and general motor deficits can be dissociated from execution of signs. Reviewed imaging data corroborate the lesion data in that the importance of the left hemisphere is re-confirmed. The data also establish the role of the right hemisphere in signed language processing. Alternative hypotheses regarding what aspects of signed language processing are handled by the right hemisphere are currently tested. The second section of the paper starts by addressing the role that early acquisition of signed and spoken language play for the neurofunctional activation patterns in the brain. Compensatory cognitive and communicative enhancements have also been documented as a function of early sign language use, suggesting an interesting interaction between language and cognition. Recent behavioural data on sign processing in working memory - a cognitive system important for language perception and production suggest e.g. phonological loop effects analogous to those obtained for speech processing. Neuroimaging studies will have to address this potential communality. ⌐ 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6297 .- 0001-6918. ; 117:3, s. 251-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one's own and another person's answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another's answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another's answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment I was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person's overall accuracy. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 117:3, s. 251-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one’s own and another person’s answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another’s answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another’s answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person’s overall accuracy.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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I See What You’re Saying: The integration of complex speech and scenes during language comprehension
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6297 .- 0001-6918. ; 137:2, s. 208-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of language-driven eye movements in a visual scene with concurrent speech was examined using complex linguistic stimuli and complex scenes. The processing demands were manipulated using speech rate and the temporal distance between mentioned objects. This experiment differs from previous research by using complex photographic scenes, three-sentence utterances and mentioning four target objects. The main finding was that objects that are more slowly mentioned, more evenly placed and isolated in the speech stream are more likely to be fixated after having been mentioned and are fixated faster. Surprisingly, even objects mentioned in the most demanding conditions still show an effect of language-driven eye-movements. This supports research using concurrent speech and visual scenes, and shows that the behavior of matching visual and linguistic information is likely to generalize to language situations of high information load.
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