| 1. |
- Cueva, Katie, et al.
(författare)
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From Resilient to Thriving : Policy Recommendations to Support Health and Well-being in the Arctic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : Arctic Institute of North America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 74:4, s. 550-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2018 – 19, eight Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals from Canada, Greenland/Denmark, Sweden, and Alaska/United States came together to address research questions relevant to Arctic nations’ shared challenges and opportunities. Our work incorporated critical, community-based perspectives on Arctic health and well-being and promoted strengths-based approaches developed in partnership with Arctic communities. In this article we describe the group’s 16 action-oriented policy recommendations to support health and well-being in the Arctic in four thematic areas: 1) acknowledge and integrate Indigenous rights and knowledges, 2) implement meaningful action to address Indigenous determinants of health, 3) expand health-oriented monitoring and assessment programs, and 4) implement community-led, critical research approaches that focus on partnerships, reciprocity, adherence to ethical guidelines, and funding community-based research. Our recommendations are actionable guidelines for policy and research aimed at reducing inequities, supporting Indigenous expertise and existing knowledge, and promoting thriving communities in the Arctic.
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| 2. |
- Dalerum, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) diet in Karupelv valley, East Greenland, during a summer with low lemming density
- 2000
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 53:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the diet of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in the Karupelv valley, East Greenland, during the summer of 1997. Despite a low density, lemmings were the most utilized prey, comprising 65.3% of dry fecal weight in fresh feces. This demonstrates the importance of lemming species as prey for arctic foxes all through a lemming cycle. Birds, arctic hare (Lepus arcticus), and insects also contributed to the diet. Arctic fox remains suggested that the foxes had scavenged their own species. Vegetation, muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), and seal (Phocidae) were found in small amounts. We compared estimates of prey availability and diets of arctic foxes for a coastal area (<10 km from the shore) and an inland area (>10 km from the shore). Abundance of avian prey tended to be higher in the coastal area. Fresh feces indicated a significant overall difference in arctic fox diets between th: coastal and inland areas. Within prey categories, lemmings were significantly more represented in the inland area, while the coastal area had a more diverse diet overall. We also suggest that the existence of arctic foxes in East Greenland is dependent on regular peak years in lemming density.
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| 3. |
- Dammann, Dyre Oliver, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing sea ice trafficability in a changing arctic
- 2018
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : The Arctic Institute of North America. - 1923-1245 .- 0004-0843. ; 71:1, s. 59-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic sea ice has undergone rapid changes during the last few decades, with negative implications for over-ice travel and on-ice operations, which benefit from services provided by the sea ice. A Parameter-based Trafficability Hierarchy (PATH) is presented here as a framework for developing quantitative assessment strategies that can guide planning and execution of operations on or near sea ice and quantify the impacts of recent changes on ice use. A PATH assessment has been completed for three case studies in Arctic Alaska. These cases, which correspond to a range of different icescapes and ice uses, identify and quantify different parameters linked to trafficability and safe operations. For ice road applications, PATH was used to determine an ice thickness compensation factor, a factor increasing the minimal thickness threshold for operations, to help translate sporadic auger ice thickness measurements along the Kotzebue-Kiana community ice road into an envelope for safe operations. A compensation factor as high as 1.5 was found to be necessary to ensure safety because of the high local thickness variability that is currently a concern for ice road operators. A PATH assessment of ice roughness for ice trail routing at Utqiaġvik draws on satellite remote sensing and is relevant for over-ice travel in general, including escape, evacuation, and rescue. We compared the routing of local snowmobile trails with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data products to identify specific ranges of ice conditions, roughness, and topography favored for ice trail construction. The same combination of data sources was used to identify potentially beneficial trail routes. Finally, an ice stability and safety assessment was completed for ice road construction and maintenance by industry near the Northstar Island oil production facility. We evaluated small-scale ice displacement data obtained from SAR interferometry to infer internal ice strain and stress and used these data in assessing the potential for fractures to reduce load-bearing capacity.
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| 4. |
- Erlinge, Sam, et al.
(författare)
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Lemming-Food Plant Interactions, Density Effects, and Cyclic Dynamics on the Siberian Tundra
- 2011
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843. ; 64:4, s. 421-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theory predicts that trophic interactions can produce cyclic dynamics of microtine rodents, but that in addition, social interactions are necessary to create the cyclicity. We tested the induced defence hypothesis as a component driving multiannual cycles by analyzing data on Siberian lemming (Lemmus sibiricus Kerr) populations and the levels of trypsin inhibitors (TI) and free proteins (SPP) in their food plants. We collected data at 12 sites along the Palaearctic tundra coast in 1994 and correlated these measures with lemming density and cycle phase. A negative correlation between lemming density and TI/SPP in Carex was found at the 12 sites. Cycle phase tended to correlate significantly with TI/SPP, and plants being grazed by lemmings respond with some delay. Mass of pancreas, the organ producing proteolytic enzymes, co-varied negatively with TI/SPP. These findings are in accord with predictions from the induced defence hypothesis. En contrast, reproductive effort did not conform to the predictions but co-varied strongly with density. Data are in accord with theory predicting that, in addition to trophic interactions, some self-regulation is necessary to create cyclic dynamics. Our data show that the plant defence hypothesis alone is not a sufficient explanation for the cyclicity. Several factors interact, including predation, food quality (including induced defence chemicals), and intra-specific competition.
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| 5. |
- Ewald, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Biotransport of organic pollutants to an inland Alaska Lake by migrating Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
- 1998
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843. ; 51:1, s. 40-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the pesticide DDT, known to harm wildlife, have been shown to reach pristine Subarctic and Arctic areas by global atmospheric transport. Another transport route for pollutant entry into these ecosystems is provided by migrating salmon. Pollutant transport was studied in a population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Copper River, Alaska during their 410 km spawning migration. Pollutants accumulated by the salmon during their ocean life stage were not eliminated during migration, but were transported to the spawning lakes and accumulated in the freshwater food web there. The influence of the biotransported pollutants was investigated by comparing pollutant levels and compositions in atmospheric deposition as well as in two different populations of arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus). One grayling population was in the salmon spawning lake and the other in a nearby lake not hosting anadromous fish, but receiving pollutants only via atmospheric deposition. The grayling in the salmon spawning lake were found to have concentrations of organic pollutants more than two times higher than those of the grayling in the salmon-free lake, and the pollutant composition resembled that found in salmon. Thus, in the studied Alaska river system, biotransport was found to have a far greater influence than atmospheric input on the PCB and DDT levels in lake biota.
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| 6. |
- Fjellström, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Food, Mobility, and Health in a 17th and 18th Century Arctic Mining Population in Silbojokk, Swedish Sapmi
- 2021
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : The Arctic Institute of North America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 74:2, s. 113-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Established in 1635, the silver mine of Nasafjall and the smeltery site in Silbojokk in Swedish Sapmi were used during several phases until the late 19th century. Excavations in Silbojokk, c. 40 km from Nasafjall, have revealed buildings such as a smeltery, living houses, a bakery, and a church with a churchyard. From the beginning, both local and non-local individuals worked at the mine and the smeltery. Non-locals were recruited to work in the mine and at the smeltery, and the local Semi population was recruited to transport the silver down to the Swedish coast. Females, males, and children of different ages were represented among the individuals buried at the churchyard in Silbojokk, which was used between c. 1635 and 1770. Here we study diet, mobility, and exposure to lead (Pb) in the smeltery workers, the miners, and the local population. By employing isotopic analysis, delta C-13, delta N-15, delta S-34, Sr-87/Sr-86 and elemental analysis, we demonstrate that individuals in Silbojokk had a homogenous diet, except for two individuals. In addition, both local and non-local individuals were all exposed to Pb, which in some cases could have been harmful to their health.
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| 7. |
- Fjellström, Markus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Food, mobility and health in an Arctic 17th-18th century mining population
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The silver mine of Nasafjäll and the smeltery site in Silbojokk in Swedish Sápmi were established in 1635 and was used during several phases until the late 19th century. Excavations in Silbojokk, c. 40 km from Nasafjäll have revealed buildings, such as a smeltery, living houses, a bakery, a church with a churchyard. Already at the start, both local and non-local individuals worked at the mine and the smel-tery. Non-locals were recruited to work in the mine and at the smel-tery, and the local Sámi population was recruited to transport the sil-ver down to the Swedish coast. Females, males and children of differ-ent ages were represented among the individuals buried at the church-yard in Silbojokk, used between c. 1635 and 1770. Here we study diet, mobility and exposure to lead in the smeltery workers, the miners and the local population. By employing isotopic analysis, δ13C, δ15N, δ34S, 87/86Sr and elemental composition, we have demonstrated that individ-uals in Silbojokk had a homogenous diet, except for two individuals. In addition, there were local and non-local individuals, and all of them were exposed to lead, that in some cases could have caused death. The environment at Nasafjäll and Silbojokk is still highly toxic.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Gudmundsson, GA, et al.
(författare)
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Radar observations of Arctic bird migration at the Northwest Passage, Canada
- 2002
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843. ; 55:1, s. 21-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observation at 23 sites in the region of the Northwest Passage, between Baffin Island and Herschel Island in the Beaufort Sea. The studies took place during a ship-based expedition from 29 June to 3 September 1999. A total of 692 tracks (average duration 160 s) of bird flocks on postbreeding migration were recorded. Eastward migration was widespread, with the highest intensities at three sites in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. Mainly shorebirds were responsible for these movements, migrating along routes similar to great circles towards Nova Scotia and other parts of the Atlantic coast of North America (whence they depart on transoceanic flights towards South America). Some of the birds in this migration system probably originated from Siberia, as indicated by high-altitude eastward migration at a site 100 kin north of the coast in the Beaufort Sea. Another category of eastward migrants consisted of jaegers, tems, and red phalaropes traveling towards the Davis Strait region and into the Atlantic Ocean. Southward migration was recorded at Baffin Island. A westward migration was pronounced at King William Island (with simultaneous eastward migration) and Amundsen Gulf, while northward movements were important at Banks Island and Melville Island. Apart from westward molt migration of common eiders at Amundsen Gulf, the westward and northward tracks reflected mainly jaegers, terns, gulls, and red phalaropes. These birds were probably making northward flights to exploit pelagic food resources in waters where the ice had recently broken up before their westward migratory exodus from the Arctic region towards the Pacific Ocean. The mean altitude of migration was 793 in, with 27% of all tracks above 1000 in and a maximum height of 3.95 km. The altitude distribution was clearly lower than those of the corresponding migration in Siberia and the shorebird migration at Nova Scotia. The average ground speed (14.9 m/s) was only slightly faster than the mean air speed (13.8 m/s), and migrants gained in speed from the winds (ground speed exceeding air speed) in only 55% of all cases. This means that wind assistance in the study area was much less pronounced than that documented for the migrants in Siberia and Nova Scotia. Bird migration at the Northwest Passage may be characterized by, on average, lower altitudes, less favorable winds, shorter flight steps, and a more widespread accessibility to stopover sites than migration at the Northeast Passaae.
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| 10. |
- Hedenström, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Radar Observations of Arctic Bird Migration in the Beringia Region
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843. ; 62:1, s. 25-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observations in the Beringia region. The data were subdivided into seven areas extending from north of Wrangel Island southeastward toward the Bering Strait and then northwestward off the coast of Alaska to Point Barrow. The studies, which took place during a ship-based expedition between 30 July and 19 August 2005, recorded a total of 557 tracks (average duration 120 seconds) of bird flocks or individuals on post-breeding migration. The dominant eastward-flying flocks were likely composed of shorebirds on their way from breeding areas in central or eastern Siberia to intermediate stopovers and final destinations in North and South America. The courses were more southerly into the Bering Strait, possibly because of topographical influence. At two areas, the Chukchi Sea and Koluchinskaya Bay, there was also a westward component of migrants. At the Chukchi Sea these were almost certainly passerine birds migrating from Alaska to wintering areas in Asia and Africa, while at Koluchinskaya Bay, king ciders on molt migration could represent an important part of the westward component. The overall mean altitude of flights was 1157 m, and flight altitude was positively correlated with latitude. The mean ground speed was 15.9 m/s and the mean airspeed was 14.1 m/s, indicating that on average the birds were experiencing a small tail wind component. The airspeed was a function of the tail wind component and the vertical speed; altitude and the side wind component did not contribute significantly to variation in airspeed in this data set. Comparing these results with similar data obtained from Siberia and Canada, we concluded that Beringia is a migration hotspot where intense bird migration crosses between Asia and Alaska in both directions.
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