| 1. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of panic disorder via the Internet : a randomized trial of CBT vs. applied relaxation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 34:2, s. 129-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A randomized trial was conducted of two different self-help programs for panic disorder (PD) on the Internet. After confirming the PD-diagnosis with an in-person structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID) interview 22 participants were randomized to either applied relaxation (AR) or a multimodal treatment package based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Overall, the results suggest that Internet-administered self-help plus minimal therapist contact via e-mail has a significant medium to large effect (Cohen's d=0.71 for AR and d=0.42 for CBT). The results from this study generally provide evidence to support the continued use and development of Internet-distributed self-help programs.
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| 2. |
- Wijma, Klaas, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of menopausal symptoms with applied relaxation : a pilot study
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 28:4, s. 251-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Applied relaxation (AR) was tested in a series of six women with postmenopausal hot flushes. The AR program consisted of group instructions I hour per week over a 12 week duration. The number of flushes were registered from 1 month before to 6 months after training AR. Menopausal symptoms (Kupperman Index), psychological well-being (Symptom Checklist), and mood (MOOD Scale) were measured at various moments during the study. For the six patients the number of flushes decreased from the baseline period to 6 months follow-up with 59, 61, 62, 67, 89 and 100% respectively, in mean 73%. While the scores on the Kupperman Index and the Symptom Checklist followed the pattern of the flushes, a similar trend was not seen for the scores on the MOOD Scale.
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| 3. |
- Abrahamsson, Niclas, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Video-based CBT-E improves eating patterns in obese patients with eating disorder : A single case multiple baseline study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 61, s. 104-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for treating eating disorders but it may be difficult to reach patients living far from urban centers. Mobile video-based psychotherapy may potentially improve service reach but has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mobile video-based CBT for eating disorder and to explore the feasibility to use this technology in clinical care.METHODS:A controlled single case multiple baseline design was used which allowed for statistical analyses with randomization tests and non-overlap of all pairs (NAP). Five patients in the first stage of eating disorder treatment were included and the main outcome variable was daily meal frequency. Secondary outcome variables included eating disorder symptoms, psychological distress and treatment satisfaction.RESULTS:The treatment resulted in a significant (p < .01) increase in daily meal frequency with medium to large effect sizes (combined NAP = .89). Four participants reported reliable improvements in eating disorder symptoms and three reported improvements in mood. The participants reported high satisfaction with the treatment and with the mobile video-application despite some technical problems.LIMITATIONS:Self-reported data on eating behavior is prone to be biased and the results of single case studies may have limited generalizability.CONCLUSION:CBT can be delivered effectively via a mobile video application and, despite some technological issues, can be well received by patients. All participants in this study had previous low access to mental health services and reported high satisfaction with the treatment format.
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| 4. |
- Bourne, Corin, et al.
(författare)
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Is it mere distraction? : Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 41:3, s. 316-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several experiments have shown that we can reduce the frequency of analogue flashbacks with competing tasks presented during a trauma film (i.e. peri-traumatically). A "distraction" hypothesis suggests that any competing task may reduce flashbacks due to distraction and/or a load on executive control. Alternatively, a "modality" hypothesis based on clinical models of PTSD suggests that certain tasks will not protect against intrusions (Experiment 1) and could actually increase them (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 contrasted two concurrent tasks, Verbal Interference (counting backwards in threes) and Visuospatial tapping, against a no-task Control condition during trauma film viewing. The Visuospatial group had significantly fewer intrusions of the film over 1-week than the Control group. Contrary to a distraction account, the Verbal Interference group did not show this effect. Using a larger sample. Experiment 2 showed that the Verbal Interference group (counting backwards in sevens) had more intrusions (and inferior voluntary memory) than no-task Controls. We propose that this is in line with a modality hypothesis concerning trauma flashbacks. Disrupting verbal/conceptual processing during trauma could be harmful for later flashbacks. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Davidson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The association between mnemonic discrimination ability and differential fear learning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier Ltd.. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objectives: It is important to be able to learn which stimuli in our surroundings predict aversive outcomes. To maintain emotional well-being, it is similarly important to be able to learn which stimuli predict safety. The ability to discriminate between stimuli that predict danger and safety has been suggested to not only have an emotional component, but also a cognitive one. One such candidate mechanism is mnemonic discrimination (MD), the ability to differentiate between two memories that are similar but not identical. In the present study, we wanted to examine if MD performance helps to explain inter-individual differences in the ability to acquire a differentiated fear response during fear conditioning. Methods: Participants performed a task assessing MD ability, and then underwent a fear conditioning procedure. Fear responses were measured using skin conductance responses (SCRs). Results: Results revealed no support for MD ability being associated with to which degree a differentiated fear response was acquired, or with the time needed to acquire such a response. Limitations: Our only outcome measurement was SCRs. Future studies need to include fear ratings, expectancy ratings and neural responses. Future studies also need to examine this using a stimulus material where the conditioned stimulus and the safety stimulus are more difficult to distinguish from each other. Conclusions: If MD ability has a role in inhibiting overgeneralization of fear learning, this does not seem to be driven by MD already during the initial learning.
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| 6. |
- Deeprose, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Imagery in the aftermath of viewing a traumatic film : Using cognitive tasks to modulate the development of involuntary memory
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 43:2, s. 758-764
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objectives: Involuntary autobiographical memories that spring unbidden into conscious awareness form part of everyday experience. In psychopathology, involuntary memories can be associated with significant distress. However, the cognitive mechanisms associated with the development of involuntary memories require further investigation and understanding. Since involuntary autobiographical memories are image-based, we tested predictions that visuospatial (but not other) established cognitive tasks could disrupt their consolidation when completed post-encoding. Methods: In Experiment 1, participants watched a stressful film then immediately completed a visuospatial task (complex pattern tapping), a control-task (verbal task) or no-task. Involuntary memories of the film were recorded for 1-week. In Experiment 2, the cognitive tasks were administered 30-min post-film. Results: Compared to both control and no-task conditions, completing a visuospatial task post-film reduced the frequency of later involuntary memories (Expts 1 and 2) but did not affect voluntary memory performance on a recognition task (Expt 2). Limitations: Voluntary memory was assessed using a verbal recognition task and a broader range of memory tasks could be used. The relative difficulty of the cognitive tasks used was not directly established. Conclusions: An established visuospatial task after encoding of a stressful experience selectively interferes with sensory-perceptual information processing and may therefore prevent the development of involuntary autobiographical memories. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Folke, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral activation in acute inpatient psychiatry : A multiple baseline evaluation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 46, s. 170-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present study employed a multiple baseline study design with repeated measures to explore clinical outcomes, therapy mechanisms, and feasibility of Behavioral Activation for persons admitted to inpatient psychiatry.METHODS: Six adult inpatients with depressive symptoms and different psychiatric disorders were randomized to different lengths of baseline standard inpatient treatment. Subsequently a 5-day, 10-session Behavioral Activation protocol was added. Daily self-report outcome and process measures were administered and supplemented with hourly self-reports and clinician assessments before and after each study phase.RESULTS: After a relatively stable baseline, at least four participants showed marked gradual improvements both in terms of outcome as well as activation and avoidance as Behavioral Activation was initiated. The temporal relation between process and outcome differed somewhat across metrics. In most instances however, change in activation and avoidance either coincided or preceded decreased depression.LIMITATIONS: We did not include some relatively common disorders, did not control for the effects of increased attention, did not investigate treatment integrity, and did not conduct follow-up after discharge. Raters were not blind and measures were mainly focused on depressive symptoms. All received concurrent medical treatment.CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study further supports the promise of Behavioral Activation as an inpatient treatment for persons with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Results also lends preliminary support for the purported mechanisms of Behavioral Activation.
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| 8. |
- Haukebø, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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One- vs. five-session treatment of dental phobia : A randomized controlled study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 39:3, s. 381-390
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forty participants fulfilling the DSM-IV criteria for dental phobia were randomly assigned to a waitlist group, one-session or five-session exposure treatment. Assessment occurred pre-, post-waitlist/treatment, and after 1 year. Mean avoidance of dental care before treatment was 11.4 years. A total of 77% sought dental care in the follow-up year. Both treatments were equally effective at reducing avoidance behavior and changing cognitions during the feared situation. Post-treatment, the five-session group scored lower on the dental anxiety scales, but at follow-up, both groups reported the same level of dental anxiety. Conclusion: Both treatment conditions enable a return to ordinary dental treatment.
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| 9. |
- Hemi, Alla, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive flexibility moderates the efficacy of a visuospatial intervention following exposure to analog trauma
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objectives: Intrusive memories are the hallmark feature of Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder (PTSD). Recent studies show that a visuospatial intervention after viewing traumatic films reduces intrusive memories in healthy individuals. However, many individuals still exhibit high levels of symptoms following such an intervention, warranting continued investigation into specific characteristics moderating intervention effect. One such candidate is cognitive-flexibility, defined as the ability to update behavior according to contextual demands. The present study examined the interactive effect of cognitive-flexibility and a visuospatial intervention on intrusive memories, predicting that higher flexibility would be associated with stronger intervention effects.Methods: Sixty participants (Mage = 29.07, SD = 4.23) completed a performance-based paradigm evaluating cognitive-flexibility, watched traumatic films, and were allocated to either an intervention or a no-task control group. Intrusions were assessed by means of laboratory and ambulatory assessment, and the intrusion subscale of the Impact-of-Events-Scale-Revised (IES-R).Results: Participants in the intervention group experienced fewer laboratory intrusions than the control group. However, this effect was moderated by cognitive-flexibility: Whereas individuals with below-average cognitiveflexibility did not benefit from the intervention, it was significantly beneficial for individuals with average and above-average cognitive-flexibility. No group differences emerged in the number of ambulatory intrusions or IESR scores. However, cognitive-flexibility was negatively correlated with IES-R scores across both groups.Limitations: The analog design may limit the extent of generalization to real-world traumatic events.Conclusions: These results point to a potentially beneficial effect of cognitive-flexibility on intrusion development, particularly in the context of visuospatial interventions.
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| 10. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(författare)
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Imagery about suicide in depression - "Flash-forwards"?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 38:4, s. 423-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suicide is a significant world health problem, with more deaths by suicide globally than by war. We need to better understand the cognitive processes underlying suicidal thinking for improved treatment development. Cognitive psychology indicates that mental imagery can be causal in determining future behavior, yet the occurrence of suicide-related imagery has not previously been investigated. Interviews with 15 depressed and formerly suicidal patients in remission found that all patients reported experiencing detailed mental imagery in addition to verbal thoughts when at their most despairing, for example images of making a future suicide attempt. A clinical measure of the severity of suicidal ideation was associated with both preoccupation with suicide-related imagery and perceived imagery realness. Echoing flashbacks in posttraumatic stress disorder, the current images appeared like "flash-forwards" to suicide. These results provide the first data to our knowledge on the existence of mental imagery in suicidality, opening a promising new avenue for research. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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