| 1. |
- Widerlund, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Early diagenesis and isotopic composition of lead in Lake Laisan, northern Sweden
- 2002
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 189:3-4, s. 183-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water column (dissolved/suspended phase, sediment traps) and sediment data (pore-water, solid-phase sediment) were combined with stable Pb and 210Pb isotope data to trace the early diagenetic behaviour and geochemical cycling of Pb in Lake Laisan, a lake which has received large quantities of anthropogenic Pb since the early 1940s. Early diagenetic remobilisation of Pb is indicated by a subsurface pore-water Pb maximum (120 µg 1-1) in the oxic surface layer of the sediment, where the solid-phase Pb concentration is 3400-4600 µg g-1. The remobilisation of Pb appears to be caused by a pH-controlled desorption of Pb from solid-phase sediment, which is consistent with a model describing surface complexation of Pb(II) on hydrous goethite surfaces. The diffusive Pb flux from the subsurface pore-water maximum towards the sediment surface (36 µg cm-2 year -1) exceeds the depositional Pb flux (8.6 µg cm -2 year -1) by approximately a factor of four, indicating that Pb is highly mobile in the sediment. Stable Pb isotope data and a mass balance calculation suggest that Pb diffusing upwards is, to a large extent, trapped in the surface sediment. Lead that may diffuse into the slightly alkaline lake water appears to be efficiently sorbed to suspended particulate matter, resulting in low dissolved Pb concentrations in the water column (0.040-0.046 µg 1-1). Sorption of Pb to suspended particulate matter is consistent with the elevated suspended particulate Pb concentrations in the hypolimnion (3800-4000 µg g-1), and the fact that the stable Pb isotopic compositions of suspended matter and pore-water are similar. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Boström, Kurt, et al.
(författare)
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Biological matter as a source of authigenic matter in pelagic sediments
- 1978
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 23:1-4, s. 11-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pelagic sediments are rich in components that appear to have formed from seawater, so-called authigenic deposits. Such authigenic components are commonly well oxidized and are rich in many metals such as Cu, Co and Ni. On the other hand, most of these metals have restricted solubilities and very short residence times in seawater. True authigenesis can therefore only account for little of the "authigenic"-looking matter in the deep sea.Conservative mixing models, using average terrigenous matter, average marine biological matter, average volcanic matter (East Pacific Rise-emanation) and average basaltic matter, produce model sediments that are strikingly similar to real sediments.In the model sediments several of the trace-element abundances for instance those for Cu, Ni and Ba can only be explained by a large admixture of biological matter. Several of these elements are enriched in the authigenic phases in deep-sea sediments. This implies that most components that generally have been considered as authigenic are rearranged decay products of biological material.
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| 3. |
- Boström, Kurt, et al.
(författare)
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Plankton: Its chemical composition and its significance as a source of pelagic sediments
- 1974
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 14:4, s. 255-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The absolute concentrations of minor and trace elements vary considerably in plankton. However, normalization of elemental abundances versus the minor elements Fe, Al and Zn (instead of the commonly used normalization versus seawater concentrations) demonstrates that these elements show remarkably constant proportions vis à vis each other. Thus, Ti, Fe, Al, Mn, V, and Zr occur in marine lower organisms in the same proportions as in the average shale, whereas Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn and B are enriched relative to the shale abundances, as are also Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Sr. These patterns appear to suggest that marine plankton are rich in lithogenic matter, but this is probably not the normal case.Contrary to the uniformity of plankton, sediments from the Pacific vary considerably in composition. Under the Equatorial high-productivity region the sediments show striking similarities with a mixture of average shale and average plankton mass, as could be expected, whereas sediments from the East Pacific Rise differ considerably from such mixtures. An iron-manganese phase (of deep-seated origin?), mixed with biological matter, on the other hand, yields model sediments with remarkable similarities to the East Pacific Rise deposits. It is therefore likely that biological processes account for a considerable fraction of some elements such as Cu, Ni, Zn and Ba also in the East Pacific Rise metalliferous sediments.
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| 4. |
- Boström, Kurt, et al.
(författare)
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The origin of iron-rich muds at the Kameni Islands, Santorini, Greece
- 1984
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 42:1-4, s. 203-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrothermal sediments form in several places within the Santorini caldera. The sediments at the most active hot submarine spring (at SW Nea Kameni) consist of 40-48% Fe2O3 and 8-15% SiO2, but only little Al2O3 (0.5-1.6%), P (0.1-0.3%), Mn (100-450 ppm), Sr, Zr, Ba, Zn and V (∼30-200 ppm) and Cu, Ni and Y (∼ 1-30 ppm) are present. The sediments contain more Fe and P and less Si, Al, Mn and many trace elements than sediments formed at less active springs at Palaea Kameni; the differences probably being caused by faster deposition rates of Fe at Nea Kameni and less dilution by rock detritus, which delivers Al, Si and Mn. The Santorini sediments differ much from other exhalative sediments at present or old spreading centers, for example on the East Pacific Rise, in the Red Sea or at En Kafala, which are rich in Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Ba. Hydrothermal rock leaching probably occurs at much lower pH-values at Santorini than on the East Pacific Rise, causing a more complete breakdown of the leached rock at Santorini. The very low trace element to iron ratios in the rocks at Santorini, therefore, prevent the hydrothermal solutions there from being very rich in trace elements. The very acid leaching solutions at Santorini are created by extensive oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid, a process that is readily possible due to the close proximity of the oxygen-rich atmosphere to the top of the magma chamber.
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| 5. |
- Gustafsson, Jon Petter
(författare)
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Modelling molybdate and tungstate adsorption to ferrihydrite
- 2003
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 200:02-jan, s. 105-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental geochemistry of molybdenum and tungsten is not well known. To enable predictions of Mo and W concentrations in the presence of ferrihydrite (hydrous ferric oxide), batch equilibrations were made with MoO42-, WO42-, o-phosphate (PO43-) and freshly prepared ferrihydrite suspensions in 0.01 M NaNO3 in the pH range from 3 to 10 at 25°C. The results showed that WO42- is adsorbed more strongly than MoO42- , and that both ions are able to displace PO43- from adsorption sites at low pH. Two models, the Diffuse Layer Model (DLM) and the CD-MUSIC Model (CDM), were tested in an effort to describe the data. In both models, the adsorption of MoO42- and WO42- could be described with the use of two monodentate complexes. One of these was a fully protonated complex, equivalent to adsorbed molybdic or tungstic acid, which was required to fit the data at low pH. This was found to be the case also for a data set with goethite. In competitive systems with PO43- , the models did not always provide satisfactory predictions. It was suggested this may be partly due to the uncertainty in the PO43- complexation constants.
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| 6. |
- Herbert, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Surface chemistry and morphology of poorly crystalline iron sulfides precipitated in media containing sulfate-reducing bacteria
- 1998
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 144:1-2, s. 87-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study characterizes the surface chemistry and morphology of poorly crystalline iron sulfides precipitated in a chemically defined growth media for sulfate-reducing bacteria. The precipitates were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on XRD results, the precipitates exhibit only incipient crystallization with a single broad diffraction peak at about 5 Angstrom, characteristic of disordered mackinawite. The iron sulfides generally exhibit a platy habit with particles 100 to 300 nm in diameter; these particles appear often in 1 to 2 mu m spherical aggregates. The XPS results indicate that the Fe(2p(3/2)) spectrum for poorly crystalline iron sulfide can be fitted with Fe(II) and Fe(III) components, both corresponding to Fe-S bond types, The absence of oxide oxygen in the O(1s) spectrum and Fe(III)-O bond types in the Fe(2p(3/2)) spectrum supports the conclusion that the poorly crystalline iron sulfides are composed of both ferric and ferrous iron coordinated with monosulfide, with lesser amounts of disulfide and polysulfides also present. These results suggest that the precipitates possess a surface composition similar to greigite, with the remaining mineral mass composed of disordered mackinawite.
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| 7. |
- Ingri, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Iron and manganese layering in recent sediments in the Gulf of Bothnia
- 1986
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 56:1-2, s. 105-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oxidized surface layer of recent soft sediments in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern part of the Baltic Sea, has been investigated. Distinct stratification of Fe and Mn is observed, with up to five different horizons in well-developed profiles. These layered top sediments, although not previously noticed, occur extensively in the Gulf of Bothnia. There is a close association of Mn and Ni, Ba, Zn and Cu, whereas P, Ca and Sr are associated with Fe. High dissolved Fe and Mn contents coupled with a strong redox gradient are recorded in the interstitial waters. Formation of these layers is linked to varying redox conditions. Fe and Mn tend to be dissolved under reducing conditions, to migrate upwards and to reprecipitate as oxyhydroxides along favourable redox horizons. Reaching oxidizing conditions Fe precipitates prior to Mn, and is always found below the Mnrich strata. The character of the oxidized zone is quite different in the two sub-basins of the Gulf of Bothnia. Mn-rich horizons together with spherical Mn-rich nodules are frequently found in the Bothnian Bay, while in the Bothnian Sea mostly Fe-rich layers are present together with abundant Fe-rich flat concretions. This difference is interpreted as being due to a lower redox level in the Bothnian Sea.
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| 8. |
- Ingri, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal variations in the fractionation of the rare earth elements in a boreal river; the role of colloidal particles.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 166:1-2, s. 23-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rare earth element (REE) data from weekly sampling of the filtered (<0.45 μm) and suspended particulate phase during 18 months in the Kalix River, Northern Sweden, are presented together with data on colloidal particles and the solution fraction (<3 kDa). The filtered REE concentration show large seasonal and temporal variations in the river. Lanthanum varied between approximately 300 and 2100 pM. High REE concentration in the filter-passing fraction is related to increased water discharge and there is a strong correlation between the REE concentration, organic carbon, Al and Fe. Physical erosion of detrital particles plays a minor role for the yearly transport of particulate REE in this boreal river system. The suspended particulate fraction, which is dominated by non-detrital fractions, accounted for only 35% of the yearly total transport of La in the river. Approximately 10% of the REE were transported in detrital particles during winter. At spring-flood in May, about 30% of the LREE and up to 60% of the HREE where hosted in detrital particles. Ultrafiltration of river water during spring-flood shows that colloidal particles dominate the transport of filter-passing REE. Less than 5% of the filtered REE are found in the fraction smaller than 3 kDa. The colloidal fraction shows a flat to slightly LREE enriched pattern whereas the solution fraction (<3 kDa) show an HREE enriched pattern, compared with till in the catchment. Suspended particles show a LREE enriched pattern. Data indicate that the REE are associated with two phases in the colloidal (and particulate) fraction, an organic-rich phase (with associated Al-Fe) and an Fe-rich (Fe-oxyhydroxide) inorganic phase. The Ce-anomaly in the suspended particulate fraction in the river shows systematic variations, and can be used to interpret fractionation processes of the REE during weathering and transport. There was no anomaly at maximum spring-flood but during the ice-covered period the anomaly became more and more negative. The temporal and seasonal variations of the Ce-anomaly in the suspended particulate phase reflect transport of REE-C-Al-Fe-enriched colloids from the upper section of the till (and/or from mires) to the river at storm events.
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| 9. |
- Land, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal variations in the geochemistry of shallow groundwater hosted in granitic till
- 1997
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 143:3-4, s. 205-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The groundwater chemistry in a small catchment in northern Sweden has been studied for a period of 15 months, including two snowmelt events. The groundwater was sampled from two wells in a slope facing a small stream. One well was placed at the top of the slope (28 m from the stream), and the other was placed closer to the stream (13 m from the stream). Both wells were completed to approximately the same elevation (1.5 m below the stream bed). In addition to groundwater compositions, the chemical composition of precipitation, soil water and stream water was investigated. The chemical composition of the groundwater in the well farther from the stream was fairly constant during the studied period. In the closer well the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Sr, Si, and alkalinity decreased by approximately 10% during snowmelt in May. In contrast, the concentrations of Fe, Al, Ce and Cu increased. After the snowmelt, during June and July, the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Sr, Si, and alkalinity in the closer well increased by a factor of 2–5 compared with the concentrations prior to the snowmelt. By August, the concentrations had decreased to the same levels as before the snowmelt and remained constant until next snowmelt. To explain these variations the Ca/Sr ratio was used as a natural chemical tracer for different water masses. It was found that the increased concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Sr, Si, and alkalinity during summer was caused by changes in the groundwater flow direction, which resulted in upwelling of deeper groundwater. At this time the area at the closer well acted as an unsaturated discharge area. The concentrations of Fe, Al, Ce and Cu decreased rapidly after the snowmelt and then remained constant except for two peaks in July and August. These variations were due to mixing with rapidly percolating soil water from the E-horizon and melt water or rain water, which is supported by increased content of dissolved oxygen.
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| 10. |
- Land, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Solid speciation and fractionation of rare earth elements in a Spodosol profile from northern Sweden as revealed by sequential extraction
- 1999
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 160:1-2, s. 121-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sequential extraction has been carried out on seven soil samples from a spodosol profile in till with granitic composition. The soil profile was sampled in northern Sweden. Five fractions were selected for extraction: (A) CH3COONa-extractable (exchangeable/adsorbed/carbonate); (B) Na4P2O7-extractable (labile organics); (C) 0.25 M NH2OH⋅HCl-extractable (amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxides/Mn-oxides); (D) 1 M NH2OH⋅HCl-extractable (crystalline Fe-oxides); and (E) KClO3/HCl-extractable (organics and sulphides). Extracted rare earth elements (REE) were determined with High Resolution ICP-MS. In addition to the soil, stream water suspended particulate matter was also analysed for REE. Total concentrations in the soil samples show that the REE have been fractionated during weathering. In the acidic (pH 4.28) E-horizon all REE are depleted relative to the unweathered till. The depletion decreases with increasing atomic number. Also in the B-horizon (pH 5.86) the REE are depleted, although to a lesser extent compared to the E-horizon. Secondary phases in the B-horizon fractionate the REE in different ways. Rare earth elements extracted in extractions A and C were enriched in the intermediate REE relative to heavy and light REE if normalized to local till. In extractions B and D, the heavy REE were enriched relative to the light REE, and in extraction E a large enrichment of light REE relative to heavy REE was found. Stream water suspended particulate matter is enriched in all REE relative to local till. The light REE are more enriched than the heavy REE. Normalized La/Lu ratios in the suspended matter ranged from 1.5 to 2.4, and were negatively correlated with stream water discharge as well as with content of detrital inorganic matter in the suspended load. The only extracted phase that potentially can explain the high normalized La/Lu ratio in the suspended matter is the phase extracted in extraction E, which has a ratio of 2.0–4.2. The normalized La/Lu ratio for the rest of the extractions ranged from 0.5 to 1.2. It is concluded that organic matter seems to be important for the particulate transport of REE in northern coniferous areas.
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