| 1. |
- Elgán, Carina, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of smoking and oral contraceptives on bone mineral density and bone remodeling in young women : a 2-year study
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Contraception. - : Elsevier. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 67:6, s. 439-447
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the study was to explore the influence of menstrual irregularities, oral contraceptives and smoking on bone mineral density (BMD) development and bone turnover with time. Healthy young women (n = 118) were divided into four categories: (a) women neither smoking nor using oral contraceptives; (b) women who were smokers; (c) women using oral contraceptives; (d) women who were smoking and using oral contraceptives. They responded to a validated questionnaire with 34 questions concerning lifestyle and the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC). BMD was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) was measured in urine. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Among smokers, BMD level decreased during a 2-year period and smoking was associated with a larger negative change in BMD. Use of oral contraceptives moderated the negative impact of smoking. Women using oral contraceptives at baseline and with regular bleeding induced by contraceptive pills had a significantly higher BMD at baseline and at follow-up. They also had lower SOC than women who had natural regular bleedings. Use of oral contraceptives in combination with smoking was linked to high alcohol consumption and higher frequency of self-reported body weight reduction, which reduced the negative BMD change in this category. DPD level and difference were strongly associated with estrogen influence. It is concluded that smokers without OCs had a negative BMD development and BMD in young women with irregular menstruations seems to be improved by OC.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Jernström, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Plasma prolactin in relation to menstrual cycle phase, oral contraceptive use, arousal time and smoking habits
- 1992
-
Ingår i: Contraception. - 0010-7824. ; 46:6, s. 543-548
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study was designed to investigate if modern low dosage combined oral contraceptives were associated with changes in plasma prolactin levels in healthy nulliparous women aged 19-25. Plasma prolactin was not significantly correlated to oral contraceptive use, nor to smoking habits. Plasma prolactin was, however, significantly negatively correlated to time since awakening. A significant two-way interaction on prolactin was also seen between smoking and present oral contraceptive use. In our material the mean values of plasma prolactin were higher in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, although not significantly.
|
|
| 4. |
- Jernström, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Temporary increase of FSH levels in healthy, nulliparous, young women after cessation of low-dose oral contraceptive use
- 1995
-
Ingår i: Contraception. - 0010-7824. ; 52:1, s. 51-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PIP: At the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, researchers grouped healthy nulliparous women aged 19-25 into current, former, and never users of low-dose combined oral contraceptives (OCs) to examine the effect of the OCs on the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The subjects were from two independent samples. Based on the day the blood was sampled, their hormone level readings were divided into follicular and luteal phases. Former OC users had higher FSH levels than did never users, regardless of menstrual cycle phase (group 1: 1.9 vs. 1.6 mcg/l for follicular phase, 1.6 vs. 1 mcg/l for luteal phase; p = 0.004) (group 2: 2.05 vs. 1.7 mcg/l, 1.55 vs. 1.25 mcg/l; p = 0.028). The transient increase of FSH levels appeared to peak 12 months after the women stopped using the OC. The researchers found that the temporary increase in FSH levels was still significant after they excluded eight women with low progesterone levels (10 nmol/l in luteal phase and 3.5 nmol/l in follicular phase) and adjusted for age (p = 0.015). LH levels were much higher in former users than never users in the first sample (1.6 vs. 1 mcg/l for follicular phase, 1.8 vs. 1.15 mcg/l for luteal phase; p = 0.014), but not in the second sample. Smoking and time since awakening had no effect on FSH and LH levels. Present users experienced suppressed FSH and LH levels. These findings indicate that former OC users experience a rebound-like phenomenon in FSH levels. Since the sample size was small and only one blood sample was taken from each woman at each of the sampling times, the researchers caution that these findings are preliminary and unconfirmed.
|
|
| 5. |
- Aneblom, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
-
Women's voices about emergency contraceptive pills "over-the-counter" : a Swedish perspective
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Contraception. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 66:5, s. 339-343
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to describe women’s experiences with the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) as a prescription-free over-the-counter (OTC) product. Women (median age 24) who had bought ECP as an OTC product were interviewed in focus groups. Data were analyzed by content analysis. All participants appreciated the OTC availability. Timesaving aspects were seen as important benefits and pharmacies were seen as the right place to sell ECP. The media was the main source of information about OTC, probably due to the debates of the introduction of ECP as an OTC product in Sweden. All women discussed the mechanism of action. The women’s experiences of interacting with the pharmacists were both positive and negative. Inconsistencies in routines with regard to providing ECP and different attitudes toward use of ECP among the pharmacists, were identified. The women expected up-to-date information about ECP and the OTC availability from gynecologists and other health professionals.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Diczfalusy, E
(författare)
-
The contraceptive revolution
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Contraception. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-7824. ; 61:1, s. 3-7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 8. |
- Falk, G, et al.
(författare)
-
Young women requesting emergency contraception are, despite contraceptive counseling, a high risk group for new unintended pregnancies
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Contraception. - 0010-7824 .- 1879-0518. ; 64:1, s. 23-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since its introduction in Sweden in 1994, emergency contraception has become a welcome addition to the campaign against unwanted pregnancy. In addition to an unplanned pregnancy, unprotected sexual intercourse may also involve the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term risk of unintended pregnancy and to determine the frequency of chlamydia infections in women receiving emergency contraception. Between September 1998 and February 1999 young women aged 15-25 years had the opportunity to obtain emergency contraception (Yuzpe method) at a youth clinic in the city of Orebro where the opening hours were extended to include Saturdays and Sundays. A follow-up visit 3 weeks after treatment, which included contraceptive counseling, was offered to all participants. At both visits, a pregnancy test and a chlamydia test were performed, and the women completed a questionnaire. After the initial visit, the young women where monitored for new pregnancies during the following 12 months. One pregnancy occurred in the 134 young women who received emergency contraception during the study period. None of the women had a positive chlamydia test. Of those requesting emergency contraception, 54% did so because no contraception was used, 32% because of a ruptured condom, 11% because of missed oral contraceptives (OC), and 5% had mixed reasons. At long-term follow-up 1 year after the initial visit, 10 of the 134 young women had experienced an unplanned pregnancy that terminated in legal abortion in 9 women. All these women had either started and terminated OC or had never commenced the prescribed OC. Young women who request emergency contraception are, despite a planned follow-up with contraceptive counseling, a high risk group for new unintended pregnancies. In Sweden they do not seem to be a high risk group for STD.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
