| 1. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Coping with Regional Inequality in Sweden: Structural Change, Migrations and Policy, 1860-2000
- 2015
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 68:1, s. 191-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many countries, regional income inequality has followed an inverted U-shaped curve, growing during industrialisation and market integration and declining thereafter. By contrast, Sweden’s regional inequality dropped from 1860 to 1980 and did not show this U-shaped pattern. Accordingly, today’s regional income inequality in Sweden is lower than in other European countries. We note that the prime mover behind the long-run reduction in regional income differentials was structural change, whereas neo-classical and technological forces played a relatively less important role. However, this process of regional income convergence can be divided into two major periods. During the first period (1860-1940), the unrestricted action of market forces, particularly the expansion of markets and high rates of internal and international migrations, led to the compression of regional income differentials. In the subsequent period (1940-2000), the intended intervention of successive governments appears to have also been important for the evolution of regional income inequality. Regional convergence was intense from 1940 to 1980. In this period, governments aided the convergence in productivity among industries and the reallocation of the workforce from the declining to the thriving regions and economic sectors. During the next period (1980-2000), when regional incomes diverged, governments subsidised firms and people in the declining areas.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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If the landlord so wanted… Family, farm production and land transfers in the manorial system
- 2012
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 65:2, s. 746-769
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedThe manorial system was a salient feature of the pre-industrial economy in Europe from the early middle ages until the late nineteenth century. Despite its importance, it is not usually the main focus of eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century European economic history. Looking at a vital manorial economy, this article deals with land transmissions, a crucial factor in the socioeconomic reproduction of pre-industrial societies, and demonstrates both similarities and important differences between the tenants on manorial land and freeholders. Although their strategies were often similar, we show that the manorial system consisted of a two-party government-the landlord and the tenant-whose interests did not always coincide. In the nineteenth century, market expansion and commercialization promoted more active landlord strategies in terms of demesne expansions and by means of implementing short-term leases. This made intergenerational transfers within the family increasingly difficult for tenants.
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| 5. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Marriage seasonality and the industrious revolution: southern Sweden, 1690-1895
- 2012
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 65:3, s. 1123-1146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedIn this article we study the evolution of marriage seasonality in relation to economic change, particularly connected to changes in labour supply and work intensity of the kind implied by the ‘industrious revolution’. The focus is on southern Sweden in 1685–1894, which was a period of agricultural transformation and early industrialization, when we would expect to see an increase in work intensity. The analysis is based on about 120,000 marriages from 117 different parishes. The analysis shows that the seasonality of marriage changed dramatically over time, from a classic grain production pattern, with a marriage peak in late spring and a marriage trough at harvest time, to a much more even seasonality, although with the appearance of a very strong peak in December. This change affected rural rather than urban areas, and was present regardless of differences in institutional settings, and for almost all occupational groups below the elite. The changed seasonality pattern is consistent with increasing work intensity over the year, leaving only the weeks around Christmas as a low season. In addition to the increase in work intensity, the privatization of marriage and the availability of time and resources were also important factors in the changing seasonality pattern.
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| 6. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Energy availability from livestock and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1815-1913: a new comparison
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 64:1, s. 1-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the proposition that a reason for high agricultural productivity in the early nineteenth century was relatively high energy availability from draught animals. The article is based on the collection of extensive new data indicating different trends in draught power availability and the efficiency of its use in different countries of Europe. This article shows that the proposition does not hold, and demonstrates that, although towards the end of the nineteenth century England had relatively high numbers of draught animals per agricultural worker, it also had low number of workers and animals per hectare, indicating the high efficiency of muscle power, rather than an abundance of such power.The higher efficiency was related to a specialization on less labour-intensive farming and a preference for horses over oxen.
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| 7. |
- Kander, Astrid
(författare)
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Is it simply getting worse? Agriculture and Swedish greenhouse gas emissions over 200 years
- 2008
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 61:4, s. 773-797
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper challenges the idea that emissions of greenhouse gases simply increase over time with income. It adopts a 200-year perspective and includes the important flows of greenhouse gases related to agriculture, not just the CO2 from fossil fuels. The result is that the pattern of Swedish total greenhouse gas emissions over time resembles an N. In contrast, when only emissions from fossil fuels are counted, the pattern over time resembles an inverted U. Among the most important factors generating emissions in agriculture, forest management was especially important, but in addition, draining of wetlands for agriculture played a substantial role.
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| 8. |
- Olsson, Mats
(författare)
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Manorial economy and corvee labour in southern Sweden 1650-1850
- 2006
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 59:3, s. 481-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This essay is an inquiry into manorial production in Scania. Its growth was dependent on the long-term development of European grain prices. When prices increased landlords were encouraged to put more land under the plough. The estates' main income came, to an increasing extent, from demesne production, which finally dominated the income profile. The peasants' most important contribution to the landlords became, in most cases, their corvee labour, and their uncertain tenure rights were illustrated with great clarity in the continuing evictions, which were accelerated in the nineteenth century with the aim of expanding the demesne.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Lars-Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The compulsory public pension and the demand for life insurance : the case of Sweden, 1884–19141
- 2015
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Ingår i: Economic history review. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0013-0117 .- 1468-0289. ; 68:1, s. 244-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We employ cost-of-living surveys, business archives, and firm data to examine the impact of the compulsory pension on the demand for life insurance in Sweden from 1884 to 1914—a period that covers the implementation of the first public compulsory old-age pension reform and the take-off of industry life insurance. As predicted on the basis of the contemporary literature on crowding-out effects, we find that the compulsory pension reduced the demand for life insurance. Our panel-data analysis of lapse rates on insurance policies shows a significant crowding-out effect of pension payments. We conclude that the introduction of the general compulsory pension had a crowding-out effect on households’ holdings of insurance policies.
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| 10. |
- Edvinsson, Rodney
(författare)
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New annual estimates of Swedish GDP, 1800-2010
- 2013
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Ingår i: Economic history review. - : Wiley. - 0013-0117 .- 1468-0289. ; 66:4, s. 1101-1126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the historical national accounts of Sweden are among the most detailed in the world, there is scope for improvement. This study revises previous historical estimates of Swedish GDP. Agricultural output is upgraded for the nineteenth century following recent research by Swedish agrarian historians on the underestimation of official statistics. Estimates of annual fluctuations before 1861 are significantly improved by using new sources on yield ratios of harvests. For manufacturing, home industries are added, in accordance with modern international guidelines (2008 SNA). The study concludes that early nineteenth-century Sweden was not as poor relative to other West European countries as previously thought.
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