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| 2. |
- Kerry, Ruth, et al.
(författare)
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Applying Geostatistical Analysis to Crime Data : Car-Related Thefts in the Baltic States
- 2010
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 42:1, s. 53-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Geostatistical methods have rarely been applied to area-level offense data. This article demonstrates their potential for improving the interpretation and understanding of crime patterns using previously analyzed data about car-related thefts for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in 2000. The variogram is used to inform about the scales of variation in offense, social, and economic data. Area-to-area and area-to-point Poisson kriging are used to filter the noise caused by the small number problem. The latter is also used to produce continuous maps of the estimated crime risk (expected number of crimes per 10,000 habitants), thereby reducing the visual bias of large spatial units. In seeking to detect the most likely crime clusters, the uncertainty attached to crime risk estimates is handled through a local cluster analysis using stochastic simulation. Factorial kriging analysis is used to estimate the local- and regional-scale spatial components of the crime risk and explanatory variables. Then regression modeling is used to determine which factors are associated with the risk of car-related theft at different scales.
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| 3. |
- Rennermalm, Asa K., et al.
(författare)
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Spatial and Scale-Dependent Controls on North American Pan-Arctic Minimum River Discharge
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 44:3, s. 202-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial patterns of minimum monthly river discharge in the North American Pan-Arctic and its potential controls are explored with geographically weighted regression (GWR). Minimum discharge is indicative of soil water conditions; therefore, understanding spatial variability of its controls may provide insights into patterns of hydrologic change. Here, GWR models are applied to determine a suitable combination of independent variables selected from a set of eight variables. A model specification with annual mean river discharge, temperature at time of minimum discharge, and biome describes well the spatial patterns in minimum discharge. However, minimum discharge in larger watersheds is influenced more by temperature and biome distributions than it is in small basins, suggesting that scale is critical for understanding minimum river discharge. This study is the first to apply GWR to explore spatial variation in Pan-Arctic hydrology.
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| 4. |
- Shirabe, Takeshi, 1971-
(författare)
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A Model of Contiguity for Spatial Unit Allocation
- 2005
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 37:1, s. 2-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider a problem of allocating spatial units (SUs) to particular uses to form “regions” according to specified criteria, which is here called “spatial unit allocation.” Contiguity—the quality of a single region being connected—is one of the most frequently required criteria for this problem. This is also one that is difficult to model in algebraic terms for algorithmic solution. The purpose of this article is to propose a new exact formulation of contiguity that can be incorporated into any mixed integer programming model for SU allocation. The resulting model guarantees to enforce contiguity regardless of other included criteria such as compactness. Computational results suggest that problems involving a single region and fewer than about 200 SUs are optimally solved in fairly reasonable time, but that larger problems must rely on heuristics for approximate solutions. It is also found that a problem of any size can be formulated in a more tractable form when a fixed number of SUs are to be selected or when a certain SU is selected in advance.
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| 5. |
- Batten, D, et al.
(författare)
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The dynamics of metropolitan change
- 1987
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 19:3, s. 189-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Retail and Place Attractiveness : The Effects of Big-Box Entry on Property Values
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 53:3, s. 467-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The opponents of big-box entry argue that large retail establishments generate a variety of negative externalities. The advocates, on the contrary, argue that access to a large retail market not only delivers direct economic benefits, but also a variety of positive spill-over effects, and therefore, can be considered a consumer amenity that increases the attractiveness of the entry location. To test the validity of these competing arguments, we use the entry of IKEA in Sweden as a quasi-experiment and investigate if increased access to retail is associated with place attractiveness, where attractiveness is proxied by residential property values. We find that entry by IKEA increases prices of the properties sold in the entry cities by, on average, 4.2% or 62,980 SEK (approximately 6,600 USD), but such an effect is statistically insignificant for the properties in the immediate vicinity of the new IKEA retail trade area. We also observe an attenuation of the effect with distance from the new IKEA store, where the properties located 10 km away experience a 2% price increase. Our results indicate that large retailers have the potential to increase place attractiveness, but perhaps not in the immediate vicinity of the new establishment.
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| 7. |
- Jiang, Bin, Professor, 1965-
(författare)
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A Topological Representation for Taking Cities as a Coherent Whole
- 2018
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 50:3, s. 298-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A city is a whole, as are all cities in a country. Within a whole, individual cities possess different degrees of wholeness, defined by Christopher Alexander as a life-giving order or simply a living structure. To characterize the wholeness and in particular to advocate for wholeness as an effective design principle, this article develops a geographic representation that views cities as a whole. This geographic representation is topology-oriented, so fundamentally differs from existing geometry-based geographic representations. With the topological representation, all cities are abstracted as individual points and put into different hierarchical levels, according to their sizes and based on head/tail breaks-a classification and visualization tool for data with a heavy tailed distribution. These points of different hierarchical levels are respectively used to create Thiessen polygons. Based on polygon-polygon relationships, we set up a complex network. In this network, small polygons point to adjacent large polygons at the same hierarchical level and contained polygons point to containing polygons across two consecutive hierarchical levels. We computed the degrees of wholeness for individual cities, and subsequently found that the degrees of wholeness possess both properties of differentiation and adaptation. To demonstrate, we developed four case studies of all China and U.K. natural cities, as well as Beijing and London natural cities, using massive amounts of street nodes and Tweet locations. The topological representation and the kind of topological analysis in general can be applied to any design or pattern, such as carpets, Baroque architecture and artifacts, and fractals in order to assess their beauty, echoing the introductory quote from Christopher Alexander.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Jiang, Bin, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Distribution of City Tweets and Their Densities
- 2016
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 48:3, s. 337-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social media outlets such as Twitter constitute valuable data sources for understanding human activities in the virtual world from a geographic perspective. This article examines spatial distribution of tweets and densities within cities. The cities refer to natural cities that are automatically aggregated from a country’s small street blocks, so called city blocks. We adopted street blocks (rather than census tracts) as the basic geographic units and topological center (rather than geometric center) to assess how tweets and densities vary from the center to the peripheral border. We found that, within a city from the center to the periphery, the tweets first increase and then decrease, while the densities decrease in general. These increases and decreases fluctuate dramatically, and differ significantly from those if census tracts are used as the basic geographic units. We also found that the decrease of densities from the center to the periphery is less significant, and even disappears, if an arbitrarily defined city border is adopted. These findings prove that natural cities and their topological centers are better than their counterparts (conventionally defined cities and city centers) for geographic research. Based on this study, we believe that tweet densities can be a good surrogate of population densities. If this belief is proved to be true, social media data could help solve the dispute surrounding exponential or power function of urban population density.
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| 10. |
- John, Östh, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the Scale of Segregation Using k-Nearest Neighbor Aggregates
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 47:1, s. 34-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nearly all segregation measures use some form of administrative unit (usually tracts in the United States) as the base for the calculation of segregation indices, and most of the commonly used measures are aspatial. The spatial measures that have been proposed are often not easily computed, although there have been significant advances in the past decade. We provide a measure that is individually based (either persons or very small administrative units) and a technique for constructing neighborhoods that does not require administrative units. We show that the spatial distribution of different population groups within an urban area can be efficiently analyzed with segregation measures that use population count-based definitions of neighborhood scale. We provide a variant of a k-nearest neighbor approach and a statistic spatial isolation and a methodology (EquiPop) to map, graph, and evaluate the likelihood of individuals meeting other similar race individuals or of meeting individuals of a different ethnicity. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated in an application of the method to data for Los Angeles and three metropolitan areas in Sweden. This comparative approach is important as we wish to show how the technique can be used across different cultural contexts. The analysis shows how the scale (very small neighborhoods, larger communities, or cities) influences the segregation outcomes. Even if microscale segregation is strong, there may still be much more mixing at macroscales.
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