| 1. |
- Albrecht, James, et al.
(författare)
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Unionization and the Evolution of the Wage Distribution in Sweden : 1968 to 2000
- 2011
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 64:5, s. 1039-1057
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the 1968, 1981, and 2000 Swedish Level of Living Surveys, the authors examine the evolution of the wage distribution in Sweden over the periods 1968–1981 and 1981–2000. The first period was the heyday of the Swedish solidarity wage policy with strong equalization clauses in the central wage agreements. During the second period, there was more flexibility for firms to adjust wages to reflect conditions such as labor shortages in particular fields. The authors find a remarkable narrowing of the wage distribution in the first period, but in the second period, wages grew more equally across the distribution. The authors decompose these changes in wages across the distribution into two components—those due to changes in the distribution of characteristics such as education and experience and those due to changes in the distribution of returns to those characteristics. They find that the wage compression between 1968 and 1981 was driven by changes in the distribution of returns, but between 1981 and 2000, the change in the distribution of returns had less of an effect on wage compression.
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| 2. |
- Arai, Mahmood, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Stereotypes and Entry into Labor Market Programs
- 2021
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 74:2, s. 293-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors examine the impact of ethnic bias based on public employment officers' decisions when choosing whom to recommend for participation in a labor market program. On the basis of an experiment that uses job seekers' own portrait photographs, their recorded voices, and their real names, findings show that when recommending job seekers for labor market programs, female caseworkers are not affected by job seekers' appearance, but male caseworkers favor job seekers who are perceived to have a stereotypical Swedish appearance. Moreover, the authors find that, as intended by the guidelines of the Swedish Public Employment Service, both male and female caseworkers favor job seekers perceived, based on the job seekers' recorded voice, to have a foreign background. The authors' conclusions suggest that when no explicit guidelines are provided for addressing the impact of ethnic stereotypes on selection for training programs, a risk of bias based on ethnic stereotypes of physical appearance exists.
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| 3. |
- Astebro, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Academic Entrepreneurship : The Bayh-Dole Act versus the Professor's Privilege
- 2019
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 72:5, s. 1094-1122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is the Bayh-Dole intellectual property regime associated with more and better academic entrepreneurship than the Professor's Privilege regime? The authors examine data on US PhDs in the natural sciences, engineering, and medical fields who became entrepreneurs in 1993-2006 and compare this to similar data from Sweden. They find that, in both countries, those with an academic background have lower rates of entry into entrepreneurship than do those with a non-academic background. The relative rate of academics starting entrepreneurial firms is slightly lower in the United States than in Sweden. Moreover, the mean economic gains from becoming an entrepreneur are negative, both for PhDs originating in academia and for non-academic settings in both countries. Analysis indicates that selection into entrepreneurship occurs from the lower part of the ability distribution among academics. The results suggest that policies supporting entrepreneurial decisions by younger, tenure-track academics may be more effective than are general incentives to increase academic entrepreneurship.
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| 4. |
- Burn, Ian
(författare)
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The Relationship between Prejudice and Wage Penalties for Gay Men in the United States
- 2020
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 73:3, s. 650-675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article estimates the empirical relationship between prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuality and the wages of gay men in the United States. It combines data on prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuality from the General Social Survey with data on wages from the U.S. Decennial Censuses and American Community Surveys-both aggregated to the state level. The author finds that a one standard deviation increase in the share of individuals in a state who are prejudiced toward homosexuals is correlated with a decrease in the wages of gay men of between 2.7% and 4.0%. The results also suggest that the prejudice of managers is responsible for this correlation. The author finds that a one standard deviation increase in the share of the managers in a state who are prejudiced toward homosexuals is associated with a 1.9% decrease in the wages of gay men. The author finds no evidence that the wage penalty for gay men is correlated with the prejudice of customers or co-workers.
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| 5. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Employer Attitudes, the Marginal Employer, and the Ethnic Wage Gap
- 2016
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : Sage Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 69:1, s. 227-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In most EU countries, ethnic minorities have lower wages than does the ethnic majority. To what extent these wage gaps are the result of prejudice toward ethnic minority workers is virtually unknown. The authors examine the role that prejudice plays in the creation of the ethnic wage gap in one of Europe’s most egalitarian countries, Sweden. The analysis takes into account the important distinction between average employer attitudes and the attitude of the marginal employer (the attitude of the most prejudiced employer hiring the ethnic minority). Results confirm that the attitudes of the marginal employer—but not those of the average employer—are important for explaining the ethnic wage gap.
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| 6. |
- Dube, Arindrajit, et al.
(författare)
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Does Outsourcing Reduce Wages in the Low-Wage Service Occupations? : Evidence from Janitors and Guards
- 2010
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 63:2, s. 287-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Outsourcing of labor services grew substantially during the 1980s and 1990s and Was associated With lower wages, fewer benefits, and lower rates of unionization. The authors focus on two occupations for Which the), can identify outsourcing in those two decades using industry and occupation codes: janitors and guards. Across a wide array of specifications, the), find that the Outsourcing Wage penalty ranged from 4% to 7% for janitors and from 8% to 24% for guards. Their findings on health benefits mirror those on Wages. Evidence suggests that the outsourcing penalty Was not. due to compensating differentials for higher benefits or lower hours, skill differences, or the types 017 industries that outsourced. Rather, outsourcing seems to have reduced labor market rents for workers, especially for those in the upper half of the occupational Wage distribution. Industries With higher historical Wage premia Were more likely to outsource service work.
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| 7. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Time Out of Work and Skill Depreciation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 61:2, s. 163-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the role of skill depreciation in the relationship between work interruptions and subsequent wages. Using Swedish data from two waves (1994 and 1998) of the International Adult Literacy Survey, which included results of tests gauging respondents' ability to read and make practical use of printed information, the authors are able to analyze changes in individuals' skills as a function of time out of work. They find statistically strong evidence of a negative relationship between work interruptions and skills. The analysis suggests that depreciation of general skills was economically important. A full year of non-employment, for example, was associated with a 5-percentile move down the skill distribution.
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| 8. |
- Heyman, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Competition, Takeovers, and Gender Discrimination
- 2013
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 66:2, s. 409-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminatory behavior out of the market. The authors analyze how firm takeovers and product market competition affect firms' gender composition and gender wage gap using detailed matched employer-employee data. Taking into account several endogeneity concerns while using a difference-in-difference framework, they find that the share of female employees increases as a result of an ownership change when product market competition is weak. Furthermore, a takeover reduces the gender wage gap. Although the estimated effects are small, the results support the main theoretical predictions.
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| 9. |
- Im, Zhen Jie, et al.
(författare)
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European Social Dialogues : Shaping EU Social Policy through Parental Leave Rights
- 2024
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : Sage Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; , s. 1-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Social Dialogue (ESD) has served as the platform for European social partners to negotiate parental leave policies at the European Union (EU) level since 1995. The partners’ efforts to revise the regulations in 2015, in response to the European Commission’s broader approach toward European work–life balance policies, failed, however, and the reasons for and implications of this failure remain insufficiently explored. Drawing on existing ESD literature and leveraging the regulator-intermediary-target (RIT) model, the authors develop a typology of policymaking outcomes based on the analysis of three parental leave directives from 1996 to 2019. The findings demonstrate that divergent preferences among European social partners, particularly when juxtaposed against the Commission’s policy objectives and interests, reduced the probability of a successful ESD through which European social partners could generate a framework agreement. Instead of being rule-makers, these conditions relegated European social partners to the role of rule-takers. If this trend continues, it poses a significant challenge to the role and influence of European social partners in EU policymaking.
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| 10. |
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