| 1. |
- Albers, Thilo N.H., et al.
(författare)
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The Fiscal State in Africa : Evidence from a Century of Growth
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183. ; 77:1, s. 65-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What is the level of state capacity in developing countries today, and what have been its drivers over the past century? We construct a comprehensive new data set of tax and revenue collection for forty-six African polities from 1900 to 2015. Our data show that polities in Africa have been characterized by strong growth in fiscal capacity on average, but that substantial heterogeneity exists. The empirical analysis reveals that canonical state-building factors such as democratic institutions and interstate warfare have limited power to explain these divergent growth paths. On the other hand, accounting for the relationship between African polities and the international environment - through the availability of external finance and the legacy of colonialism - is key to understanding their differing investments in fiscal capacity. These insights add important nuances to established theories of state building. Not only can the availability of external finance deter investment in fiscal capacity, but it also moderates the efficacy of canonical state-building factors.
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| 2. |
- Baccini, Leonardo, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Determinants of Attitudes Toward Migration : Firm-level Evidence from Europe
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Organization. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 78:1, s. 67-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the distributional consequences of migration, and how do they affect attitudes toward migration? In this paper we leverage a natural experiment generated by the ousting of former Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, which created an unprecedented influx of economic migrants from African countries to Europe. This surge of low-skilled labor benefited low-productivity firms by lowering their production costs and expanding their labor supply. Employing a triple difference-in-differences design, we document that attitudes toward migration became more positive in Western European regions with large shares of migrants and low-productivity firms. Evidence from Sweden, which provides finely grained geographical data, confirms these findings. We then test the economic microfoundations of this attitudinal shift. We show that the surge in the supply of low-skilled labor increased the profitability of low-productivity firms more in areas that experienced larger migration flows. We find no evidence that migration worsened natives’ labor market conditions.
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| 3. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Protection Through Presence : UN Peacekeeping and the Costs of Targeting Civilians
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 73:1, s. 103-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are UN peacekeepers effective in protecting civilians from violence? Existing studies examine this issue at the country level, thereby making it difficult to isolate the effect of peacekeepers and to assess the actual mechanism at work. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of UN peacekeeping success in protecting civilians at the subnational level. We argue that peacekeepers through their sizable local presence can increase the political and military costs for warring actors to engage in civilian targeting. Since peacekeepers' access to civilian populations rests on government consent, peacekeepers will primarily be effective in imposing these costs on rebel groups, but less so for government actors. To test these conjectures we combine new monthly data on the location of peacekeepers with data on the location and timing of civilian killings in Africa. Our findings suggest that local peacekeeping presence enhances the effectiveness of civilian protection against rebel abuse, but that UN peacekeeping struggles to protect civilians from government forces.
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| 4. |
- Guzzini, Stefano
(författare)
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Structural power : the limits of neorealist power analysis
- 1993
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 47:3, s. 443-478
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Realism explains the ruling of the international system through the underlying distribution of power among states. Increasingly, analysts have found this power analysis inadequate, and they have developed new concepts, most prominently structural power. The usage of structural power actually entails three different meanings, namely indirect institutional power, nonintentional power, and impersonal power. Only the first, however, is compatible with the current neorealist choice-theoretical mode of explanation. This is the basic paradox of recent power approaches: by wanting to retain the central role of power, some international relations and international political economy theory is compelled to expand that concept and to move away from the very theory that claims to be based on power. Neorealism does not take power seriously enough. At the same time, these extensions of the concept are themselves partly fallacious. To account simultaneously for the different meanings of structural power and to avoid a conceptual overload, this article proposes that any power analysis should necessarily include a pair or dyad of concepts of power, linking agent power and impersonal governance. Finally, it sketches some consequences of those concepts for international theory.
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| 5. |
- Isaksson, Ann-Sofie, 1980
(författare)
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Chinese Aid and Local Ethnic Identification
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Organization. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 74:4, s. 833-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent empirical evidence suggests that Chinese development finance may be particularly prone to elite capture and patronage spending. If aid ends up in the pockets of political elites and their ethno-regional networks, this may exacerbate ethnic grievances and contribute to ethnic mobilization. In this research note I examine whether Chinese development projects make local ethnic identities more salient in African partner countries. A new geo-referenced data set on the subnational allocation of Chinese development finance projects to Africa is geographically matched with survey data for 50,520 respondents from eleven African countries. The identification strategy compares sites where a Chinese project was under implementation at the time of the interview to sites where a Chinese project will appear subsequently. The empirical results suggest that living near an ongoing Chinese project makes ethnic identities more salient. There is no indication of an equivalent pattern when considering other donors' development projects.
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| 6. |
- Kreutz, Joakim, 1973-
(författare)
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Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Organization. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 69:1, s. 195-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is foreign policy influenced by humanitarian concern, or are concepts such as human security merely rhetoric for traditional power politics? In this paper, I systematically explore whether military and economic interventions by the European Union are conducted in response to humanitarian atrocities. Using a multilevel modelling technique and a unique dataset of military and economic EU intervention 1989-2008, I find that this is the case, but that geostrategic concerns also influence EU action. Whilst the EU consistently is more likely to act against countries with greater civilian victimization, the size of the effect is influenced by spatial considerations. The EU is most attentive to human rights violations in non-EU European states, followed by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, while it has been least active in Asia and the Americas.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Olof, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Judicial Independence and Political Uncertainty: How the Risk of Override Affects the Court of Justice of the EU
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 70:2, s. 377-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 The IO Foundation.There is broad agreement in the literature that international courts (ICs) make decisions with bounded discretion in relation to state governments. However, the scope of this discretion, and the determinants of its boundaries, are highly contested. In particular, the central mechanism in separation-of-powers models of judicial politics-the possibility of legislative override-has raised controversy. We argue that the uncertainty that judges face regarding the political reactions to their decisions has important and undertheorized implications for their behavior. On the one hand, cautious judges are likely to be attentive to signals that contain information about the probability of an unfavorable override. On the other hand, misjudgments of the political risks are likely to be made. Thus, the possibility of override is a significant factor affecting judicial behavior, but it is also a fairly blunt mechanism for balancing the independence and accountability of courts. The empirical study focuses on the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which has long been at the center of theory development regarding the legalization of world politics and the rise of international courts. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the CJEU's rulings and the political signals it receives, in a pattern that goes beyond legal merit, and that fits with the override mechanism. State governments are crucial parts of the broader audience that defines the political boundaries of judicial discretion.
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| 8. |
- Naurin, Daniel, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Stereotyping and Chivalry in International Negotiations: A Survey Experiment in the Council of the European Union
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 73:2, s. 469-488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender stereotypes—stylized expectations of individuals’ traits and capabilities based on their gender—may affect the behavior of diplomats and the processes of international negotiations. In a survey experiment in the Council of the European Union, we find that female representatives behaving stereotypically weak and vulnerable may trigger a chivalry reaction among male representatives, increasing the likelihood that the men will agree to support a bargaining proposal from the women. The effect is conditional on the negotiators’ cultural background—the chivalry reaction is displayed mainly by diplomats from countries with relatively low levels of gender equality. Our study contributes to the research on nonstandard behavior in international relations, and in particular the expression and reception of emotions in diplomacy. We argue that gender stereotypes may have a moderating impact on decision making based on such intuitive cognitive processes. We also add to the broader negotiation literature, both by showing the pervasiveness of gender stereotyping, and by testing at the elite level the generalizability of claims regarding gender effects derived from laboratory experiments. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of bringing gender into the study of international negotiations, where it has been largely and surprisingly ignored.
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| 9. |
- Sommerer, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Diffusion across International Organizations : Connectivity and Convergence
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 73:2, s. 399-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While extensive research shows that policies and institutions spread across states through processes of diffusion, we know little about diffusion among international organizations (IOs). This article advances the state of the field by developing a novel approach for the study ofdiffusion among IOs. This approach consists of three components: a theoretical focus onconnectivity among IOs as pathways for diffusion; a conceptual differentiation between alternative types of convergence effects; and a methodological strategy combining dyadic and spatial analysis of diffusion. The article illustrates the usefulness of this approach through an empirical case: the diffusion of participatory governance arrangements among IOs, 1970-2010. The analysis shows that connectivity among IOs contributes to convergence, which typically is manifested through imitation of very specific institutional models. The article has implications both for the study of IOs and for the general study of diffusion.
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| 10. |
- Tallberg, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining the Transnational Design of International Organizations
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 68:4, s. 741-774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Past decades have witnessed a shift in international cooperation toward growing involvement of transnational actors (TNAs), such as non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and philanthropic foundations. This article offers a comprehensive theoretical and empirical account of TNA access to IOs. The analysis builds on a novel dataset, covering formal TNA access to 298 organizational bodies from 50 IOs over the time period 1950 to 2010. We identify the most profound patterns in TNA access across time, issue areas, policy functions, and world regions, and statistically test competing explanations of the variation in TNA access. The central results are three-fold. First, the empirical data confirm the existence of a far-reaching institutional transformation of IOs over the past sixty years, pervading all issue areas, policy functions, and world regions. Second, variation in TNA access within and across IOs is mainly explained by a combination of three factors: functional demand for the resources of TNAs, domestic democratic standards in the membership of IOs, and state concerns with national sovereignty. Third, existing research suffers from a selection bias that has led it to overestimate the general importance of a new participatory norm in global governance for the openness of IOs.
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