| 1. |
- Dreber Almenberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Is research in social psychology politically biased? Systematic empirical tests and a forecasting survey to address the controversy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 1096-0465 .- 0022-1031. ; 79:november, s. 188-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present investigation provides the first systematic empirical tests for the role of politics in academic research. In a large sample of scientific abstracts from the field of social psychology, we find both evaluative differences, such that conservatives are described more negatively than liberals, and explanatory differences, such that conservatism is more likely to be the focus of explanation than liberalism. In light of the ongoing debate about politicized science, a forecasting survey permitted scientists to state a priori empirical predictions about the results, and then change their beliefs in light of the evidence. Participating scientists accurately predicted the direction of both the evaluative and explanatory differences, but at the same time significantly overestimated both effect sizes. Scientists also updated their broader beliefs about political bias in response to the empirical results, providing a model for addressing divisive scientific controversies across fields.
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| 2. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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"Rarely safe to assume": Evaluating the use and interpretation of manipulation checks in experimental social psychology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the use of manipulation checks is widespread in social psychology, several researchers have raised methodological concerns about their use and interpretations. However, knowledge of how they are actually being used has been lacking. Extracting data from published reports of 207 recent experiments, we provide an empirical review of current practices concerning manipulation checks in social psychology. Our review suggests that there are serious deficiencies in the manner in which manipulation checks are used and interpreted. For example, published reports tend to contain highly limited quantitative reasoning about the effectiveness of manipulations, and researchers report little or nothing to address the possibility that manipulation checks might cause undesirable reactivity among participants. However, we argue that manipulation checks can be highly beneficial components of experiments when used properly, and they have untapped potential for the quantitative assessment of the strength of manipulations relative to the effect on the dependent variable (i.e., causal efficacy). To assist with such assessments, we provide empirical benchmarks for causal efficacy in social psychology. Additionally, we provide several recommendations for researchers and reviewers for improving the use and reporting of manipulation checks.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Costly punishment in the ultimatum game evokes moral concern, in particular when framed as payoff reduction
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 69, s. 59-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ultimatum game is a common economic experiment in which some participants reject another's unfair offer of how to split some money, even though it leaves them both worse off. This costly behavior can be seen as enforcement of a fairness norm and has been labeled “altruistic punishment”, suggesting that it is a moral thing to do. But is this behavior viewed as moral by participants? Is it viewed as punishment? And are the payoff consequences of the behavior sufficient to determine the answers to these questions? To investigate this we framed costly punishment in two different ways: either as rejection of an offer (the standard ultimatum game framing) or as reduction of payoff. In a series of paid and hypothetical experiments we found that moral concerns about costly punishment depended on the framing. Specifically, the reduction frame elicited more moral concern about, and less use of, costly punishment than did the rejection frame. Several implications are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Graham, Jesse R., et al.
(författare)
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The pipeline project: Pre-publication independent replications of a single laboratory's research pipeline
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 1096-0465 .- 0022-1031. ; 66, s. 55-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This crowdsourced project introduces a collaborative approach to improving the reproducibility of scientific research, in which findings are replicated in qualified independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. Our goal is to establish a non-adversarial replication process with highly informative final results. To illustrate the Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) approach, 25 research groups conducted replications of all ten moral judgment effects which the last author and his collaborators had “in the pipeline” as of August 2014. Six findings replicated according to all replication criteria, one finding replicated but with a significantly smaller effect size than the original, one finding replicated consistently in the original culture but not outside of it, and two findings failed to find support. In total, 40% of the original findings failed at least one major replication criterion. Potential ways to implement and incentivize pre-publication independent replication on a large scale are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Hall, Jonathan, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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War exposure, altruism and the recalibration of welfare tradeoffs towards threatening social categories
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How does war shape human altruism? Some find warfare increases generosity within groups only. Others maintain that war’s prosocial effects extend to outgroup members as well. To make sense of these disparate findings, we offer a theoretical framework that highlights the role of threat sensitivity in altruism. Refugees from Syria and Iraq (N = 1521) completed a welfare tradeoff task and threat perceptions scale where the other's group identity, gender and age were experimentally varied. We found that individuals belonging to social categories associated with more threat (outgroup members, males, and younger individuals) were afforded less altruism compared to individuals belonging to non-threatening social categories (ingroup members, females and the elderly). War exposure enhanced bias against threatening social categories through increased threat-sensitivity. Our results have implications for understanding how warfare shapes altruism and welfare tradeoffs in light of cross-cutting social categories and for policies promoting post-conflict cooperation.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Kleber, Janet, et al.
(författare)
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Same numbers, different meanings: How numeracy influences the importance of numbers for pro-social behavior
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 49:4, s. 699-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical information often serves as a basis for evaluations, decisions and behavior. In requests for charitable giving, three numerical cues in the donation description are of particular importance: the number of potential recipients of a donation, the total number of people in need, and their proportion. In three studies, we examined the effects of numeracy on the weight given to these numerical cues in donations. Study 1 contrasted the importance of a higher absolute number (of potential recipients and the number of people in need) vs. a higher proportion of recipients. In Study 2, we investigated the effects of the total number of people in need and Study 3 was designed to focus on the impact of the absolute number of potential recipients. Our results revealed a consistent pattern demonstrating that highly numerate individuals were willing to donate more for projects that offered assistance to the greatest proportion of recipients. Conversely, less numerate individuals were insensitive to this proportion; they tended to donate more with increases in both the number of recipients and the total number of people in need. The meaning of numbers in donation decisions and the resulting motivation to help depends on numeric skill.
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| 8. |
- Olsson, Anna-Carin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Individuals and dyads in a multiple-cue judgment task: Cognitive processes and performance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 42:1, s. 40-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virtually all studies of multiple-cue judgment focus on the learning by individuals. In a multiple-cue judgment task the authors examined if people acquire rule or exemplar knowledge as a function of learning the task alone or in dyads. Learning in dyads was expected to promote explicit rule-based thinking as a consequence of verbalization (social abstraction effect) and to improve performance due to the larger joint exemplar knowledge base (exemplar pooling effect). In two experiments the results suggest more accurate judgment by dyads, evidence for an exemplar pooling effect, but no evidence for the social abstraction effect. In contrast to most previous research, social interaction proved beneficial and allowed the dyads to surpass their combined individual performance.
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| 9. |
- Poutvaara, Panu, et al.
(författare)
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Faces of politicians : Babyfacedness predicts inferred competence but not electoral success
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 45:5, s. 1132-1135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research has documented that competent-looking political candidates do better in US elections and that babyfaced individuals are generally perceived to be less competent than maturefaced individuals. Taken together, this suggests that babyfaced political candidates are perceived as less competent and therefore fare worse in elections. We test this hypothesis, making use of photograph-based judgments by 2772 respondents of the facial appearance of 1785 Finnish political candidates. Our results confirm that babyfacedness is negatively related to inferred competence in politics. Despite this, babyfacedness is either unrelated or positively related to electoral success, depending on the sample of candidates.
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| 10. |
- Ståhl, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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For love or money? : How activation of relational versus instrumental concerns affects reactions to decision-making procedures
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 44:1, s. 80-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how the direct activation of relational versus instrumental concerns affects reactions to decisions made by an authority. It is demonstrated that when instrumental concerns are experimentally induced, people's evaluations of the authority (Studies I and 2) as well as their intentions to protest (Study 3) are more strongly affected by how the procedures used by the authority affect anticipated outcomes (i.e., whether procedures are favorably or unfavorably inaccurate) than when relational concerns are activated. By contrast, authority evaluations (Study 2) and protest intentions (Study 3) are more strongly affected by whether procedures used are fair (accurate) or unfair (inaccurate) when relational (versus instrumental) concerns are activated. These findings extend previous research where relational versus instrumental concerns were inferred, but not directly examined, to explain differences in responses to authorities' decisions. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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