| 1. |
- Best, Mairi M. R., et al.
(författare)
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The EMSO-ERIC Pan-European Consortium: Data Benefits and Lessons Learned as the Legal Entity Forms
- 2016
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Ingår i: Marine Technology Society journal. - 0025-3324. ; 50:3, s. 8-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory (EMSO) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) provides power, communications, sensors, and data infrastructure for continuous, high-resolution, (near-)real-time, interactive ocean observations across a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary range of research areas including biology, geology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and computer science, from polar to subtropical environments, through the water column down to the abyss. Eleven deep-sea and four shallow nodes span from the Arctic through the Atlantic and Mediterranean, to the Black Sea. Coordination among the consortium nodes is being strengthened through the EMSOdev project (H2020), which will produce the EMSO Generic Instrument Module (EGIM). Early installations are now being upgraded, for example, at the Ligurian, Ionian, Azores, and Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) nodes. Significant findings have been flowing in over the years; for example, high-frequency surface and subsurface water-column measurements of the PAP node show an increase in seawater pCO2 (from 339 μatm in 2003 to 353 μatm in 2011) with little variability in the mean air-sea CO2 flux. In the Central Eastern Atlantic, the Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands open-ocean canary node (aka ESTOC station) has a long-standing time series on water column physical, biogeochemical, and acidification processes that have contributed to the assessment efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). EMSO not only brings together countries and disciplines but also allows the pooling of resources and coordination to assemble harmonized data into a comprehensive regional ocean picture, which will then be made available to researchers and stakeholders worldwide on an open and interoperable access basis.
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| 2. |
- Chen, CQ, et al.
(författare)
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Parameters to characterize biological conditions in marine and coastal waters retrieved from SeaWiFS data
- 2002
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Ingår i: Marine Technology Society Journal. - 0025-3324. ; 36:1, s. 14-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SeaWiFS satellite data were employed to demonstrate how the biological conditions in marine and coastal waters may be characterized using the concentration of chlorophyll-alpha (chl-alpha) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as the leading parameters. In marine waters the standard algorithms from the SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) package were used to derive the concentrations, whereas in coastal waters special algorithms were developed using field data and a simulation model for the irradiance reflectance. Analysis of the SeaWiFS data were performed for two study areas, namely ME North Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey and the Pearl River Estuary in southern China. ne analysis displayed the temporal and spatial distribution of chl-a and DOC as well as the movement and exchange of water masses. Such results are of great use for monitoring and forecasting the biological conditions in marine and coastal waters.
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| 3. |
- Clayson, C. A., et al.
(författare)
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Super sites for advancing understanding of the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Marine Technology Society Journal. - 0025-3324. ; 55:3, s. 144-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Air–sea interactions are critical to large-scale weather and climate predictions because of the ocean’s ability to absorb excess atmospheric heat and carbon and regulate exchanges of momentum, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases. These exchanges are controlled by molecular, turbulent, and wave-driven processes in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. Improved understanding and representation of these processes in models are key for increasing Earth system prediction skill, particularly for subseasonal to decadal time scales. Our understanding and ability to model these processes within this coupled system is presently inadequate due in large part to a lack of data: contemporaneous long-term observations from the top of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) to the base of the oceanic mixing layer. We propose the concept of “Super Sites” to provide multi-year suites of measurements at specific locations to simultaneously characterize physical and biogeochemical processes within the coupled boundary layers at high spatial and temporal resolution. Measurements will be made from floating platforms, buoys, towers, and autonomous vehicles, utilizing both in-situ and remote sensors. The engineering challenges and level of coordination, integration, and interoperability required to develop these coupled ocean–atmosphere Super Sites place them in an “Ocean Shot” class. © 2021, Marine Technology Society Inc.. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Schofield, O., et al.
(författare)
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Moving Towards Implementation of a Southern Ocean Observing System
- 2016
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Ingår i: Marine Technology Society Journal. - 0025-3324. ; 50:3, s. 63-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is deploying a holistic system to monitor the worlds ocean; however, a major challenge is many regions are chronically under-sampled. One such region is the Southern Ocean, which is remote and a harsh region to sample. The importance of improving holistic sampling in this region is clear, given its disproportionate significance to Earth and the fact that the area is exhibiting rapid change. As the Southern Ocean is beyond the capability of any single nation, the international Southern Ocean research community recognized a need for improved international coordination, strategic planning, and eventual implementation of a Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). The focus of SOOS is on (1) designing a sustainable system that provides data for determining the status and change of the Southern Ocean, (2) standardizing measurements across national efforts, (3) providing a forum for opportunities to guide future investments, (4) developing a portal for open transparent access to data, and (5) supporting grassroots discussion to identify/design expeditions and technology development. This manuscript highlights current SOOS strategies to meet those needs. Critical lessons emphasize the need for providing value to users who are contributing content/strategy as volunteers and sustain a dedicated office to coordinate those efforts while providing documented value to those contributing time and expertise.
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| 5. |
- Sieber, Arne Santa, et al.
(författare)
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Compact recreational rebreather with innovative gas sensing concept and low work of breathing design
- 2013
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Ingår i: Marine Technology Society journal. - : Marine Technology Society Inc.. - 0025-3324 .- 1948-1209. ; 47:6, s. 27-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recreational rebreathers are increasingly popular, and recreational diver training organizations now routinely offer training for rebreather diving. Few rebreathers on the market, however, fulfill the criteria of a dedicated recreational rebreather. These remain based on traditional sensor technology, which may be linked to rebreather use having an estimated 10 times the risk of mortality while diving compared with open circuit breathing systems. In the present work, a new recreational rebreather based on two innovative approaches is described. Firstly, the rebreather uses a novel sensor system including voltammetric and spectroscopic validation of galvanic pO2 sensor cells, a redundant optical pO2 sensor, and a two-wavelength infrared pCO2 sensor. Secondly, a new breathing loop design is introduced, which reduces failure points, improves work of breathing, and can be mass fabricated at a comparatively low cost. Two prototypes were assembled and tested in the laboratory at a notified body for personal protective equipment before both pool and sea water diving trials. Work of breathing was well below the maximum allowed by the European Normative. These trials also demonstrated that optical pO2 sensors can be successfully employed in rebreathers. The pCO2 sensor detected pCO2 from 0.0004 to 0.0024 bar. These new approaches, which include a new concept for simplified mechanical design as well as improved electronic control, may prove useful in future recreational diving apparatus.
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| 6. |
- Sieber, Arne Santa, et al.
(författare)
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Head-up display system for closed circuit rebreathers with antimagnetic wireless data transmission
- 2013
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Ingår i: Marine Technology Society journal. - : Marine Technology Society Inc.. - 0025-3324 .- 1948-1209. ; 47:6, s. 42-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rebreather divers use LED-based head-up displays (HUD) as a primary display and warning device for the partial pressure of O2 in the breathing loop. Such devices are usually mounted on the mouthpiece of the rebreather in the field of vision of the diver. LED-based HUDs are simple devices and can be designed so that they are easy to understand but have limited information content. Few alphanumeric or graphical screen-based HUDs have been developed in the past. Connecting such a device to a rebreather requires cable links, which divers dislike, and increases the risk of entanglement. State-of-the-art wireless data transmission uses ultrasonic waves or lowfrequency electromagnetic waves; the former is not silent, and the latter achieves only very low data transmission rates of a few bytes per second and does not meet the antimagnetic standards required by military divers. The present paper describes a novel HUD system that incorporates a simple LED-based primary HUD along with an advanced secondary head-up diving computer with a micro organic LED screen. An optical infrared data transmission system is used to transmit all rebreather relevant data fromthe primary to the secondary device. One prototype of the system was manufactured and successfully tested in the laboratory according to relevant European standards as well as during several dives in fresh and sea water.
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