| 1. |
- Borges, Renee M., et al.
(författare)
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Patterns and processes in nocturnal and crepuscular pollination services
- 2016
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Ingår i: Quarterly Review of Biology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0033-5770 .- 1539-7718. ; 91:4, s. 389-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Night,dawn,and dusk have abiotic features that differ from the day. Illumination,wind speeds,turbulence,and temperatures are lower while humidity may be higher at night. Nocturnal pollination occurred in 30% of angiosperm families across 68% of orders,97% of families with C3,two-thirds of fam-ilies with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM),and 71% dicot families with C4 photosynthesis. Despite its widespread occurence,nocturnal pollination occurs in more families with xerophytic adaptations than helophytes or mesophytes,suggesting that nocturnal flowering is primarily an adaptation to water stress since flowering is a water-intensive process. We propose the arid or water stress hypothesis for nocturnal flowering suggesting that plants facing water stress in a habitat (e.g.,deserts) or a habitat stratum (e.g.,upper canopy for epiphytes) gain a selective advantage by nocturnal flowering by reducing water loss through evapotranspiration,leading to larger flowers that provide more nectar or other resources,to support pollinators with higher rewards. Contrary to the wide taxonomic occurrence of nocturnal flowering,few animal taxa serve as nocturnal pollinators. We discuss the sensory and physiological abilities that enable pollinator movement,navigation,and detection of flowers within the nocturnal temporal niche and present a unified framework for investigation of nocturnal flowering and pollination.
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| 2. |
- Cattaneo, Alberto Maria
(författare)
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Taste and Smell: A Unifying Chemosensory Theory
- 2022
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Ingår i: Quarterly Review of Biology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0033-5770 .- 1539-7718. ; 97, s. 69-94
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Guidolin, D, et al.
(författare)
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Central nervous system and computation
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Quarterly review of biology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0033-5770 .- 1539-7718. ; 86:4, s. 265-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Rice, William R., et al.
(författare)
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Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Quarterly review of biology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0033-5770 .- 1539-7718. ; 87:4, s. 343-368
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Male and female homosexuality have substantial prevalence in humans. Pedigree and twin studies indicate that homosexuality has substantial heritability in both sexes, yet concordance between identical twins is low and molecular studies have failed to find associated DNA markers. This paradoxical pattern calls for an explanation. We use published data on fetal androgen signaling and gene regulation via nongenetic changes in DNA packaging (epigenetics) to develop a new model for homosexuality. It is well established that fetal androgen signaling strongly influences sexual development. We show that an unappreciated feature of this process is reduced androgen sensitivity in XX fetuses and enhanced sensitivity in XY fetuses, and that this difference is most feasibly caused by numerous sex-specific epigenetic modifications ("epi-marks") originating in embryonic stem cells. These epi-marks buffer XX fetuses from masculinization due to excess fetal androgen exposure and similarly buffer XY fetuses from androgen underexposure. Extant data indicates that individual epi-marks influence some but not other sexually dimorphic traits, vary in strength across individuals, and are produced during ontogeny and erased between generations. Those that escape erasure will steer development of the sexual phenotypes they influence in a gonad-discordant direction in opposite sex offspring, mosaically feminizing XY offspring and masculinizing XX offspring. Such sex-specific epi-marks are sexually antagonistic (SA-epi-marks) because they canalize sexual development in the parent that produced them, but contribute to gonad-trait discordances in opposite-sex offspring when unerased. In this model, homosexuality occurs when stronger-than-average SA-epi-marks (influencing sexual preference) from an opposite-sex parent escape erasure and are then paired with a weaker-than-average de novo sex-specific epi-marks produced in opposite-sex offspring. Our model predicts that homosexuality is part of a wider phenomenon in which recently evolved androgen-influenced traits commonly display gonad-trait discordances at substantial frequency, and that the molecular feature underlying most homosexuality is not DNA polymorphism(s), but epi-marks that evolved to canalize sexual dimorphic development that sometimes carryover across generations and contribute to gonad-trait discordances in opposite-sex descendants.
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| 7. |
- Underwood, Nora, et al.
(författare)
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ASSOCIATIONAL EFFECTS : WHEN DO NEIGHBORS MATTER AND HOW WOULD WE KNOW?
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Quarterly review of biology. - : UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. - 0033-5770 .- 1539-7718. ; 89:1, s. 1-19
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactions between individual consumer and resource organisms can be modified by neighbors, e.g., when herbivory depends on the identity or diversity of neighboring plants. Effects of neighbors on consumer-resource interactions (associational effects) occur in many systems, including plant-herbivore interactions, predator-prey interactions (mimicry), and plant-pollinator interactions. Unfortunately, we know little about how ecologically or evolutionarily important these effects are because we lack appropriate models and data to determine how neighbor effects on individuals contribute to net interactions at population and community levels. Here we supply a general definition of associational effects, review relevant theory, and suggest strategies for future theoretical and empirical work. We find that mathematical models from a variety of fields suggest that individual-level associational effects will influence population and community dynamics when associational effects create local frequency dependence. However, there is little data on how local frequency dependence in associational effects is generated, or on the form or spatial scale of that frequency dependence. Similarly, existing theory lacks consideration of nonlinear and spatially explicit frequency dependence. We outline an experimental approach for producing data that can be related to models to advance our understanding of how associational effects contribute to population and community processes.
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| 8. |
- Underwood, Nora, et al.
(författare)
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Pollinators, Herbivores, and Plant Neighborhood Effects
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Quarterly review of biology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0033-5770 .- 1539-7718. ; 95:1, s. 37-57
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pollinator and herbivore interactions with individual plants can be strongly influenced by the densities and frequencies of other plants in local neighborhoods. The importance of these neighborhood effects is not yet clear, due in part to a profound disconnect between studies of pollinator and herbivore neighborhood effects. Considering these effects jointly is critical for understanding the role of plant spatial heterogeneity because plant fitness is often affected by pollinators, herbivores, and their interactions. We bring together these two types of neighborhood effects, describing the pathways through which these insects mediate neighborhood effects, and comparing their implementation in mathematical models. We find that ideas from each field can improve work in the other. For example, pollinator theory should broaden consideration of how pollinator traits influence responses to plant neighborhoods, while herbivore theory should consider adaptive foraging and connect herbivore neighborhood effects to plant fitness. We discuss approaches to theory that integrate pollinator and herbivore effects, particularly considering the nested spatial and temporal scales of these insects' responses to neighborhoods. Ultimately, models will need to combine neighborhood effects from the diverse species that affect plants with direct plant interactions to determine the importance of spatial structure for plant performance and evolution.
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