| 1. |
- Elmquist, Maria, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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The value of a failed R&D project: emerging evaluation criteria for innovation projects
- 2009
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Ingår i: R and D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 39:2, s. 139-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In literature and R&D organizations alike, project success consists in minimizing the deviations from set targets in terms of quality, cost and time. The main management task is to execute and monitor progress to reduce risks - assuming that project attributes are known, necessary resources can be estimated and a reasonable time table can be agreed upon. In such a context, evaluating project success is easy. However, in an innovative context, setting project targets initially is difficult and the contributions of the projects sometimes are of an unexpected nature. This paper investigates if projects can be evaluated in terms of how they contribute to the building of innovative capabilities of the firm instead of independently. Based on a case study at the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisians and the theoretical framework of innovation fields, a framework for evaluating projects from an additional perspective is proposed. Based on the following four criteria: financial resources, the development of a structured, refined and expanded strategic vision, developed competences (with related suppliers) and identification of knowledge gaps (occasionally with related partners for knowledge production), this framework shows how seemingly failed R&D projects can instead be considered as invaluable to the overall innovation process.
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| 2. |
- Fredberg, Tobias, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The paradox of tie strength in customer relationships for innovation: a longitudinal case study in the sports industry
- 2011
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Ingår i: R and D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 41:5, s. 470-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current literature argues that firms should have strong ties to customers to benefit from increased customer retention and loyalty. Strong ties, however, have also shown to prevent innovation, suggesting that firms should also develop weak ties to other customer groups. This paper focuses on the potential for strong ties to facilitate, rather than prohibit, innovation. It is based in a 7-year longitudinal research project with Adidas, a global sporting goods company. From the case, we find that the paradox of tie strength results from an overly simplified view of the nature of company-customer relationships. Contrary to the established literature, we find that strong ties in the Adidas case supported significant innovation. In fact, the involvement resulted in the development of a new product with a radically different product architecture and led to one of the most successful product launches in the company's history. To explain these findings, we introduce the nature of customer participation in a firm's value creation processes as a new dimension of the constitution of firm-customer ties and discuss how such a kind of relationship can develop.
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| 3. |
- Harryson, Sigvald J
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship through relationships - navigating from creativity to commercialisation
- 2008
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Ingår i: R & D Management. - : Wiley. - 1467-9310 .- 0033-6807. ; 38:3, s. 290-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the role of relationships in the emergence of a network's value creation structure. The strategic navigation from creative exploration to global exploitation through the use of so-called transformation networks is particularly highlighted. The creativity phase requires a creator with visionary leadership. The commercialisation phase, on the other hand, requires technology integration and global marketing excellence. Realising that this requires more than a bright inventor, the creator of Anoto brought in the right complementary assets at distinct phases of the commercialisation process. Our case illustrates how integrator and marketeer profiles were brought into a networked act of entrepreneurship for joint navigation across an ocean of relationships that gave birth to a global standard for digital writing. By combining theories on open innovation and networking, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse the different nature of the networks (or the value creation structure) in which complementary assets can be accessed, transferred and transformed into commercialised innovation. The analysis suggests that the value of complementary assets are embedded in and unlocked by three distinct types of networks: creativity networks, transformation networks and process networks. It also suggests that the ideal approach to accessing complementary assets shifts over the research and development management process, and happens through these three different types and levels of networks, requiring fundamentally different approaches to leadership and relationship management. Current literature describes open and networked innovation as a continuous - not dynamic - process of exploration and exploitation without any distinction of how types and structures of networks evolve and interact in the process.
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| 4. |
- Holgersson, Marcus, 1983
(författare)
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Patent management in entrepreneurial SMEs: A literature review and an empirical study of innovation appropriation, patent propensity, and motives
- 2013
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Ingår i: R and D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 43:1, s. 21-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Managers make a number of strategic choices when trying to capture returns from innovation investments, including what appropriation strategy to use and whether or not to patent, strategic choices that depend among other things on firm size. Previous literature, being reviewed in this paper, shows that the patent propensity is lower in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) than in large firms and that patenting as means for appropriation is of less importance among SMEs. CEOs and/or R&D managers of 26 entrepreneurial SMEs have been interviewed to explain these differences and to provide insight on how patenting is used in SMEs. The patent competence was low among the studied SMEs, and internal patent resources were found to be important for effective and efficient use of the patent system; for application as well as monitoring and enforcement. While of limited perceived importance for protecting inventions in entrepreneurial SMEs, patents were used to attract customers and venture capital, which is of utmost importance for the survival and growth of these firms. Thus, patenting has an important role to play even in firms where the protective function of patents is secondary.
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| 5. |
- Mulec, K., et al.
(författare)
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Action, reflection, and learning - Coaching in order to enhance the performance of drug development project management teams
- 2005
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Ingår i: R and D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 35:5, s. 483-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-performing project teams are crucial for effective research and development (R&D). To become high performing, teams need to make use of their different skills and reflect upon their collective actions, thereby combining knowledge that could lead to value-adding activities for the company. This article describes the use of team coaching in supporting team reflection and learning in global R&D project teams. A collaborative research approach was used during the 8 months of coaching, with several inquiry methods being employed. The results indicate that coaching interventions have a positive effect on team performance, both from an efficiency perspective as well as from a creativity and climate perspective. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed, as is future research.
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| 6. |
- Pohl, Hans M, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Radical innovation in a small firm – a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) development project at Volvo Cars
- 2010
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Ingår i: R and D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 40:4, s. 372-382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential paradigmatic shift in technology from the internal combustion engine to electric propulsion via hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has been addressed by most automakers, and has produced very different outcomes. This paper uses the framework of core capabilities to discuss how the small automaker, Volvo Cars, made substantial progress in its HEV development using an approach based on limited resources and a low risk. A comparison with Toyota's successful but very resource-demanding Prius project reveals some factors contributing towards rapid development in a context of limited resources, including focused project objectives, tight collaboration with suppliers of the new technologies, reuse of existing technologies and an unaggressive, bottom-up approach to change the firm's values and norms and other core capability dimensions. This paper provides an empirical illustration of how a small company in a mature industry worked with radical innovation in a development project drawing on the combination of organizational slack, entrepreneurial employees and an extensive use of external (knowledge) suppliers.
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| 7. |
- Sundgren, Mats, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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- 2005
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Ingår i: R and D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 35:4, s. 359-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A path model of organizational creativity was presented; it conceptualized the influences of information sharing, learning culture, motivation, and networking on creative climate. A structural equation model was fitted to data from the pharmaceutical industry to test the proposed model. The model accounted for 86% of the variance in the creative climate-dependent variable. Information sharing had a positive effect on learning culture, which in turn had a positive effect on creative climate, while there were negative direct effects of information sharing on creative climate and on intrinsic motivation. This study suggests that information sharing and intrinsic motivation are important drivers for organizational creativity in a complex R&D environment in the pharmaceutical industry. Implications of the model are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Ivory, Chris J., et al.
(författare)
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Shifting the goal posts for design management in capital goods projects : 'design for maintainability'
- 2003
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Ingår i: R&D Management. - Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Business, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, CURDS, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. : BLACKWELL PUBL LTD. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 33:5, s. 527-538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two case studies of capital goods projects, both of which were faced with new forms of demand for their products, are reported in this paper. In both cases, the contracting organisations involved were adjusting to new customer requirements for the long-term provision of the services associated with the capital goods they normally produced, rather than for the capital goods themselves. While both contracting organisations recognised the need to re-focus their equipment design efforts, to reflect the need for long-term service reliability (both contracting organisations were tied to penalties associated with agreed service levels), they nevertheless responded differently to this challenge, and their differing responses reflected the differing natures of the extended networks which comprised both projects and the organisational architectures in which the projects were themselves embedded. The paper explores the differing opportunities and barriers to the management of design in complex projects presented by these two case studies. In so doing it points to the conclusion that successful design management in complex projects can depend upon the successful management of the (multiple) contexts in which design takes place.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Jones-Evans, D, et al.
(författare)
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Creating a Bridge between University and Industry in Small European Countries - The Role of the Industrial Liaison Office
- 1999
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Ingår i: R &D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310. ; 29:1, s. 47-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The frequent and intermittent need for new scientific knowledge has resulted in an increasing focus on links between industry and academic institutions. This has been particularly pronounced in the flows of knowledge between the two partners, which may lead to considerable diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge, particularly into the small firm sector. This development could be of particular benefit to smaller peripheral economies, which have demonstrated low levels of indigenous industrial technological development. As a result, universities could become increasingly important for local economic development in smaller countries on the periphery of Europe. However, a greater understanding is required of the pro-active role that the university itself can play in developing strong linkages with industry, particularly through mechanisms such as the Industrial Liaison Office (ILO). In particular, there needs to be an examination of the strategies and policies that are undertaken to increase the process of technology transfer from academia into local indigenous business within smaller countries. This paper will therefore examine the role that universities play in the regional economic development in two contrasting small countries of Europe, namely Sweden and Ireland. Drawing on interviews with key individuals in the processes of technology transfer between academia and industry (including ILOs), as well as secondary data, it will examine the general role and function of the industrial liaison office and how this has changed. It will also discuss the involvement of the university in different types of industrial links, the main opportunities and barriers to the development of links between university and industry, the benefits to the university from industrial links, and the perception of industry’s assessment of the relationship with universities. The research will provide valuable insight into the role of universities in developing innovation and entrepreneurship within the smaller and peripheral countries of Europe and will determine whether these universities are undertaking a pro-active role in encouraging the growth of innovative indigenous industry. This may have significant policy implications, especially with regard to the development of specific regional programmes to encourage academic-based entrepreneurship.
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