| 1. |
- Agnihotri, Swarnima, et al.
(författare)
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Ethanol organosolv pretreatment of softwood (Picea abies) and sugarcane bagasse for biofuel and biorefinery applications
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 49:5, s. 881-896
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethanol derived from biomass has the potential to be a renewable transportation fuel that can replace gasoline. This work was carried out to establish an optimized ethanol organosolv pretreatment of Norway spruce (Picea abies) for bioethanol production (63 wt% EtOH, pH ~3.5 in aqueous phase, 170–240 °C, 90 min) utilizing hydrolytic enzymes in the saccharification step. To test the generality of the method, a series of ethanol organosolv pretreatments were also performed on sugarcane bagasse (50 wt% EtOH, pH ~3.5 in aqueous phase, 155–210 °C, 90–120 min). The degree of delignification increased with increasing temperature during pretreatment, and the fastest increase was observed with sugarcane bagasse. The pretreatments were carried out in a batch mode. The maximum degree of delignification of ~65 % was reached at ~235 °C for Norway spruce, while sugarcane bagasse reached ~80 % at ~210 °C. Cellulose was subjected to degradation (5–10 % points) at these temperatures. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (30 FPU/g cellulose, 32 pNPGU/g cellulose, 50 °C, 48 h) of ethanol organosolv-pretreated biomass achieved complete conversion for both raw materials at the highest degrees of delignification.
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, Sheikh Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of preservatives in thermally modified Scots pine and Norway spruce sapwood
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 47:3, s. 499-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studying the impregnation and distribution of oil-based preservative in dried wood is complicated as wood is a nonhomogeneous, hygroscopic and porous material, and especially of anisotropic nature. However, this study is important since it has influence on the durability of wood. To enhance the durability of thermally modified wood, a new method for preservative impregnation is introduced, avoiding the need for external pressure or vacuum. This article presents a study on preservative distribution in thermally treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sapwood using computed tomography scanning, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Secondary treatment of thermally modified wood was performed on a laboratory scale by impregnation with two types of preservatives, viz. Elit Träskydd (Beckers) and pine tar (tar), to evaluate their distribution in the wood cells. Preservative solutions were impregnated in the wood using a simple and effective method. Samples were preheated to 170°C in a drying oven and immediately submerged in preservative solutions for simultaneous impregnation and cooling. Tar penetration was found higher than Beckers, and their distribution decreased with increasing sample length. Owing to some anatomical properties, uptake of preservatives was low in spruce. Besides, dry-induced interstitial spaces, which are proven important flow paths for seasoned wood, were not observed in this species.
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| 3. |
- Amiandamhen, Stephen, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of chemical treatments of natural fibres on the properties of phosphate‑bonded composite products
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 52:3, s. 653-675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phosphate-bonded composites are an emerging class of building materials produced from natural fibres and phosphate based cement pastes. They are durable and possess mechanical properties similar to those of Portland cement. However, the moisture absorption of natural fibre can lead to swelling which may result in the reduction in the mechanical strength properties and eventually negatively affect the long-term performance and dimensional stability of the products. This study was aimed at the modification of some properties of selected biomaterial residues in order to enhance the final properties of the phosphate-bonded composite product. Three different treatments were evaluated viz. 1% caustic alkali, 1% acetic anhydride and hot water on natural fibres derived from slash pine, black wattle and bagasse. The effect of the treatment on the fibres was evaluated via HPLC, SEM and FTIR. Further, the performance of the treated fibres was evaluated in composite panels bonded with magnesium phosphate (MgPO4) and calcium phosphate (CaPO4) cement pastes against the controls. The manufactured panels were tested for flexural properties and dimensional stability. In the MgPO4-bonded panels, the MOR increased from 0.55 MPa for untreated bagasse panels to 0.79 MPa for alkalised panels. Similarly, the MOE increased from 150.04 MPa for untreated bagasse panels to 175.65 MPa for alkalised panels. In untreated MgPO4-bonded panels, the mean density was 0.76, 078 and 0.75 g/cm3, while in alkalised panels, the mean density was 0.81, 0.81 and 0.81 g/cm3 for wattle, pine and bagasse panels, respectively. In the bagasse panels, the water absorption was 54.61% for untreated, 48.74% for hot water extracted, 42.21% for acetylated and 36.44% for alkalised MgPO4-bonded panels. This represents a percentage improvement of 11, 23 and 33%, respectively. Alkali-treated fibres had the best effect overall for all measured properties.
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| 4. |
- Aminzadeh, Selda, et al.
(författare)
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A possible explanation for the structural inhomogeneity of lignin in LCC networks
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : SPRINGER. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 51:6, s. 1365-1376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin has a very complex structure, and this is partly due to the monomers being connected by many different types of covalent bonds. Furthermore, there are multiple covalent bonds between lignin and polysaccharides in wood, and it is known that the structure of lignin covalently bound to the hemicellulose xylan is different to lignin bound to the hemicellulose glucomannan. Here, synthetic lignin (DHP) is synthesized at different pH and it is shown that lignin made at lower pH has a structure more similar to the lignin bound to xylan, i.e., having higher relative content of beta-O-4 ethers. It is hypothesized that xylan due to its carboxylic acids forms a locally lower pH and thus "direct" the lignin structure to have more beta-O-4 ethers. The biological significance of these results is discussed.
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| 5. |
- Antti, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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A microwave applicator for on line wood drying : Temperature and moisture distribution in wood
- 1999
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 33:2, s. 123-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An especially designed open microwave applicator was analysed using wood as the material to be heated and dried. The idea was to develop an on line microwave construction consisting of several small open applicators, each fed by a small standard magnetron (for example 1.4 kW main power). The process was analysed by measuring the wood temperature during heating using an IR-camera and detecting the moisture distribution during drying by CT-scanning. Pine and birch wood samples were used in the experiments, mainly 40 mm in thickness. The experiments show that the power distribution differs between dry wood and moist wood. The analysis of the temperature fields captured by the IR-camera during the first minutes allows a rather accurate determination of the MW power. Consequently, the drying proceeds unevenly in the wood specimens, especially in the longitudinal direction. The dimensions of the applicator and its relation to the wood dimension are very important. However, the wood was not destroyed, the temperature and moisture gradients did not affect the wood in terms of checks or deformations. The drying rate in different positions of the specimen varied between 0.30 and 0.80 percentage moisture content/min. The uneven energy, meaning temperature and field distribution, is to be compensated in the future by a moving wood load and by alternating the position of each applicator in a larger scale microwave pilot plant.
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| 6. |
- Bengtsson, Rhodel, et al.
(författare)
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An applicable orthotropic creep model for wood materials and composites
- 2022
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Nature. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 56:6, s. 1585-1604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the engineering importance of creep of composite materials and other fibrous anisotropic load-carrying materials like wood, there is an apparent lack in useful experimental data in 3D. Proposed creep models are generally not commensurate with realistic data from experimental characterization. In the present study, an orthotropic linear viscoelastic model is presented and examined on its performance of predicting the time-dependent nature of wood and composite materials. The constitutive equations are presented using the hereditary approach. A clear description of the finite element implementation of the material model is given. Since constant Poisson's ratios are a common assumption for viscoelastic composites due to lack of data, this study presents the effects of time-dependent Poisson's ratio in the study. The model is calibrated against inevitably asymmetric experimental creep data using an optimization approach. With time-dependent Poisson's ratios, the results show that the model is able to simultaneously capture the time-dependent behaviour in three material axis of orthotropic materials such as European beech wood and a fibre-reinforced composite. However, a relatively poor match was found when the Poisson's ratios were set to be constant. Thus, the frequently employed assumption of constant Poisson's ratios should be made with caution.
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| 7. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Effect of impact velocity on the fracture of wood as related to the mechanical pulping process
- 2001
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 35:4, s. 343-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fibre separation step in refining is crucial for energy consumption in subsequent refining where the pulp properties are developed. The size reduction of chips during refining is dependent on refining intensity and chip strength. Factors affecting these two parameters are discussed in a literature review. The impact strength of chips and the break down of chips to separate fibres are also discussed. Specifically the effect of impact velocity on the fracture of wood has been studied by use of a falling weight impact tester. Samples were prepared from a freshly cut log of Norway spruce, Picea abies, and the impact strength was measured using an instrumented falling weight impact tester. An increase in impact velocity from about 2.7 to 4.8 m/s resulted in an increase in impact strength of about 50%.
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| 8. |
- Bergsten, U, et al.
(författare)
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Batch measurements of wood density on intact or prepared drill cores using x-ray microdensitometry
- 2001
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 35, s. 435-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of a batch scanning x-ray densitometer for measuring wood density without sample preparation, i.e., on intact drill cores, or on rectangular samples prepared from drill cores, was analysed. Effects of x-ray intensity, sample thickness and fiber direction, as well as extractives content, were evaluated for young (mainly sapwood) and old (mainly heartwood) wood from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The x-ray power level used as standard (1.4 kW; 40 kV and 35 mA) seemed appropriate for the tested species and specimen thickness. The density of intact drill cores could be determined with a mean standard deviation of 1.6% for each sample, with a single machine run, if the cores were mounted with a fixed fiber direction and calibrations were made for each wood type. The corresponding precision for rectangular samples was 1.0%. Further improvements are attainable by using standard reference samples in each machine run and batch-wise analysis. For the chosen wood types and measurement technique, a sample thickness of 5 mm should give the best precision. However, for species with very narrow rings, thinner samples would improve the spatial resolution when ring boundaries are angled or curved. Extractives should be removed, especially for pine, but possibly also for spruce, if high precision in density determination is required.
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| 9. |
- Blomberg, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of semi-isostatic densification of wood on the variation in strength properties with density
- 2005
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 39:5, s. 339-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The variation in strength properties with density was compared between semi-isostatically densified and non-densified wood. Strength properties were compared with published data from earlier studies using other methods for densification. Small clear specimens of eight species were analysed for compression strength in axial, radial and tangential direction, three-point bending and Brinell hardness. After densification, all tested strength properties increased with density, but especially strength perpendicular to grain became lower than expected from the density of non-densified wood. Strength of densified wood relative to what could be expected for non-densified wood of similar density was denoted as 'strength potential index'. For axial compression strength and bending strength, strength potential index of individual wood species varied between 0.7 and 1.0, i.e. densified wood is slightly weaker than what could be expected from its density. Strength potential index was lower for properties much determined by strength perpendicular to grain. In radial direction, densified wood was rubbery with low modulus of elasticity and nearly no proportional limit or modulus of rupture. Generally, wood was apparently weakened in proportion to the degree of compression in respective direction. Strength potential index also increased with increasing original density of the species.
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| 10. |
- Blomberg, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Swelling pressure of semi-isostatically densified wood under different mechanical restraints
- 2007
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 41:5, s. 401-415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Semi-isostatically densified and native wood samples of Scots pine and European birch were soaked in water. The swelling coefficients as well as the swelling pressure, that arose when the specimens were restrained in some way prior to the swelling, were measured using a universal testing machine equipped with a high resolution load-cell and an external extensometer. As densified wood swells, the native structure is almost restored and the swelling pressure became twice as high as for native wood in the most compressed directions (radial for pine and birch). That cell-shape recovery increases the swelling pressure can explain the problems with imbalance in laminated constructions where densified wood is used. The possibility to predict the swelling pressure from basic material properties was evaluated. The correlations between swelling pressure and material properties were strong enough to yield good predictive models
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