| 1. |
- Schmidt, Otto, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Adhesion in Arthropod Immune Recognition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annual review of entomology. - Palo Alto : Annual Reviews. - 1545-2948 .- 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 55, s. 485-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recognition and inactivation of toxins and pathogens are mediated by a combination of cell-free and cellular mechanisms. A number of soluble and membrane-bound pattern recognition molecules interact with elicitors to become involved in both cell-free inactivation as well as cellular uptake reactions. Here we describe the possible recognition and effector function of key arthropod immune proteins, such as peroxinectin, hemolin, and hemomucin, as an outcome of changes in adhesiveness, which drive self-assembly reactions leading to cell-free coagulation and cellular uptake reactions. The fact that some of these proteins are essential for immune and developmental functions in some species, but not found in closely related species, may point to the existence of multiprotein assemblies, which are conserved at the mechanistic level and can function with more than one combination of protein constituents. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology Volume 55 is December 03, 2009. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.
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| 2. |
- Battisti, A, et al.
(författare)
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Urticating hairs in arthropods: their nature and medical significance
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annual review of entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 1545-4487 .- 0066-4170. ; 56, s. 203-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ecological phenomenon of arthropods with defensive hairs is widespread. These urticating hairs can be divided into three categories: true setae, which are detachable hairs in Lepidoptera and in New World tarantula spiders; modified setae, which are stiff hairs in lepidopteran larvae; and spines, which are complex and secretion-filled structures in lepidopteran larvae. This review focuses on the true setae because their high density on a large number of common arthropod species has great implications for human and animal health. Morphology and function, interactions with human tissues, epidemiology, and medical impact, including inflammation and allergy in relation to true setae, are addressed. Because data from epidemiological and other clinical studies are ambiguous with regard to frequencies of setae-caused allergic reactions, other mechanisms for setae-mediated disease are suggested. Finally, we briefly discuss current evidence for the adaptive and ecological significance of true setae.
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| 3. |
- Dacke, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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How Dung Beetles Steer Straight
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 66, s. 243-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distant and predictable features in the environment make ideal compass cues to allow movement along a straight path. Ball-rolling dung beetles use a wide range of different signals in the day or night sky to steer themselves along a fixed bearing. These include the sun, the Milky Way, and the polarization pattern generated by the moon. Almost two decades of research into these remarkable creatures have shown that the dung beetle's compass is flexible and readily adapts to the cues available in its current surroundings. In the morning and afternoon, dung beetles use the sun to orient, but at midday, they prefer to use the wind, and at night or in a forest, they rely primarily on polarized skylight to maintain straight paths. We are just starting to understand the neuronal substrate underlying the dung beetle's compass and the mystery of why these beetles start each journey with a dance.
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| 4. |
- Dekker, Teun
(författare)
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The Genetic Basis of Pheromone Evolution in Moths
- 2016
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 61, s. 99-117
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Moth sexual pheromones are widely studied as a fine-tuned system of intra-specific sexual communication that reinforces interspecific reproductive isolation. However, their evolution poses a dilemma: How can the female pheromone and male preference simultaneously change to create a new pattern of species-specific attraction? Solving this puzzle requires us to identify the genes underlying intraspecific variation in signals and responses and to understand the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for their interspecific divergence. Candidate gene approaches and functional analyses have yielded insights into large families of biosynthetic enzymes and pheromone receptors, although the factors controlling their expression remain largely unexplored. Intra-and interspecific crosses have provided tantalizing evidence of regulatory genes, although, to date, mapping resolution has been insufficient to identify them. Recent advances in high-throughput genome and transcriptome sequencing, together with established techniques, have great potential to help scientists identify the specific genetic changes underlying divergence and resolve the mystery of how moth sexual communication systems evolve.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Bill S, et al.
(författare)
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Function and Morphology of the Antennal Lobe: New Developments
- 2000
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 45, s. 203-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The antennal lobe of insects has emerged as an excellent model for olfactory processing in the CNS. In the present review we compile data from areas where substantial progress has been made during recent years: structure-function relationships within the glomerular array, integration and blend specificity, time coding and the effects of neuroactive substances and hormones on antennal lobe processing.
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| 6. |
- Hopkins, Richard
(författare)
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Role of Glucosinolates in Insect-Plant Relationships and Multitrophic Interactions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 54, s. 57-83
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glucosinolates present classical examples of plant compounds affecting insect-plant interactions. They are found mainly in the family Brassiciceae, which includes several important crops. More than 120 different glucosinolates are known. The enzyme myrosinase, which is stored in specialized plant cells, converts glucosinolates to the toxic isothiocyanates. Insect herbivores may reduce the toxicity of glucosinolates and their products by excretion, detoxification, or behavioral adaptations. Glucosinolates also affect higher trophic levels, via reduced host or prey quality or because specialist herbivores may sequester glucosinolates for their own defense. There is substantial quantitative and qualitative variation between plant genotypes, tissues, and ontogenetic stages, which poses specific challenges to insect herbivores. Even though glucosinolates are constitutive defenses, their levels are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors including insect damage. Plant breeders may use knowledge on glucosinolates to increase insect resistance in Brassica crops. State-of-the-art techniques, such as mutant analysis and metabolomics, are necessary to identify the exact role of glucosinolates.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Stig
(författare)
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Processionary Moths and Associated Urtication Risk: Global Change-Driven Effects
- 2017
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 62, s. 323-342
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Processionary moths carry urticating setae, which cause health problems in humans and other warm-blooded animals. The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has responded to global change (climate warming and increased global trade) by extending its distribution range. The subfamily Thaumetopoeinae consists of approximately 100 species. An important question is whether other processionary moth species will similarly respond to these specific dimensions of global change and thus introduce health hazards into new areas. We describe, for the first time, how setae are distributed on different life stages (adult, larva) of major groups within the subfamily. Using the available data, we conclude that there is little evidence that processionary moths as a group will behave like T. pityocampa and expand their distributional range. The health problems caused by setae strongly relate to population density, which may, or may not, be connected to global change.
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| 8. |
- Miller, Christine W., et al.
(författare)
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Sexual Selection in Complex Environments
- 2014
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 59, s. 427-445
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sexual selection has resulted in some of the most captivating features of insects, including flashy colors, bizarre structures, and complex pheromones. These features evolve in dynamic environments, where conditions can change rapidly over space and time. However, only recently has ecological complexity been embraced by theory and practice in sexual selection. We review replicated selection studies as well as studies on variation in the agents of selection to delineate gaps in current knowledge and clarify exciting new directions for research. Existing work suggests that fluctuations in sexual selection may be extremely common, though work on the ecological factors influencing these fluctuations is scarce. We suggest that deeper ecological perspectives on sexual selection may alter some of the fundamental assumptions of sexual selection theory and rapidly lead to new discoveries.
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| 9. |
- Orians, Colin M.
(författare)
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Evolution of Plant Defenses in Nonindigenous Environments
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 55, s. 439-459
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exotic plants provide a unique opportunity to explore the evolution of defense allocation in plants. Many studies have focused on whether enemy release leads to a change in defense allocation. Little research has focused on induced defenses and on how resource availability in the nonindigenous range might cause evolutionary shifts in defense trait allocation. We examine (a) the major evolutionary hypotheses predicting defense expression in plants, (b) the hypotheses explaining defense evolution of exotic species, and (c) the importance of geographic variation in ecological interactions to defense evolution (geographic mosaics). In addition, we review the strengths and weaknesses of experimental approaches, present case studies, and suggest areas that deserve further attention.
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| 10. |
- Van Der Kooi, Casper J., et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of Insect Color Vision : From Spectral Sensitivity to Visual Ecology
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 66, s. 435-461
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depending on the spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photoreceptors. The spectral sensitivity of a photoreceptor is principally determined by the absorption spectrum of the expressed visual pigment, but it can be modified by various optical and electrophysiological factors. For example, screening and filtering pigments, rhabdom waveguide properties, retinal structure, and neural processing all influence the perceived color signal. We review the diversity in compound eye structure, visual pigments, photoreceptor physiology, and visual ecology of insects. Based on an overview of the current information about the spectral sensitivities of insect photoreceptors, covering 221 species in 13 insect orders, we discuss the evolution of color vision and highlight present knowledge gaps and promising future research directions in the field.
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