| 1. |
- Heldner, Mattias
(författare)
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On the reliability of overall intensity and spectral emphasis as acoustic correlates of focal accents in Swedish
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 31:1, s. 39-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study shows that increases in overall intensity and spectral emphasis are reliable acoustic correlates of focal accents in Swedish. They are both reliable in the sense that there are statistically significant differences between focally accented words and nonfocal ones for a variety of words, in any position of the phrase and for all speakers in the analyzed materials, and in the sense of their being useful for automatic detection of focal accents. Moreover, spectral emphasis turns out to be the more reliable correlate, as the influence on it of position in the phrase, word accent and vowel height was less pronounced and as it proved a better predictor of focal accents in general and for a majority of the speakers. Finally, the study has resulted in data for overall intensity and spectral emphasis that might prove important in modeling for speech synthesis.
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| 2. |
- Sundberg, Johan, 1936-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term average spectrum analysis of phonatory effects of noise and filtered auditory feedback
- 1988
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 16:2, s. 203-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using long-term average spectrum (LTAS) analysis of fluent speech,the effects of speaking in noise and of speaking with differently filtered auditory feedback as well as of voluntarily changing vocal intensity is analyzed in nine male adult singers and non-singers. Three values in the LTAS are analyzed: the level of the main peak near 500 Hz, of a secondary peak near 2000 Hz and at the average F0. The level at 500 Hz was highly correlated with the equivalent sound level, with the average F0, and with the level of the peak near 2000 Hz. The singers were found to produce a higher sound level than the non-singers under all conditions, and their voices contained stronger high-frequency components. Also, unlike the non-singers they reduced vocal intensity when reading without added noise with enhanced high-frequency components in the auditory feedback. The LTAS effects of noise and of auditory feedback filtering was found to be similar to those of the changes of vocal intensity according to instruction for both singers and non-singers. When the high-frequency components of the auditory feedback was enhanced during reading in noise, both subject groups reduced vocal intensity.
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| 3. |
- Beckman, Jill, et al.
(författare)
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Rate effects on Swedish VOT : Evidence for phonological overspecification
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 39:1, s. 39-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has found asymmetric effects of speaking rate on VOT cross-linguistically: as rate slows, long-lag VOTs and negative VOTs increase, but short-lag VOTs remain essentially unchanged. If we assume, as have many phonologists, that the two-way contrast in voicing languages (e.g. French) is [voice] vs. [circle divide] and in aspirating languages (e.g. English) is [spread glottis] vs. [circle divide], then it appears that at slower rates, a phonological contrast is heightened by selective increase in the phonetic cue for the specified feature. Thus, slowing down causes longer aspiration in aspirating languages and longer prevoicing in voicing languages but no change in short-lag stops. We report the results of an experiment on Central Standard Swedish stops designed to investigate the effect of speaking rate on VOT. CS Swedish uses both prevoiced and aspirated stops in utterance-initial position, hence the phonological feature(s) involved in this contrast is not clear. We found that both prevoicing and aspiration increase in slow speech in Swedish. This suggests that both [voice] and [spread glottis] are the specified features of phonological contrast in CS Swedish, and in turn raises questions about whether phonological specification more generally is economical. Moreover, the fact that speaking rate affects VOT even in situations like CS Swedish in which the phonological contrast is over-specified suggests that such modification is largely due to production dynamics, not speakers' sensitivity to listeners' needs.
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| 4. |
- Heldner, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Pauses, gaps and overlaps in conversations
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 38:4, s. 555-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores durational aspects of pauses gaps and overlaps in three different conversational corpora with a view to challenge claims about precision timing in turn-taking Distributions of pause gap and overlap durations in conversations are presented and methodological issues regarding the statistical treatment of such distributions are discussed The results are related to published minimal response times for spoken utterances and thresholds for detection of acoustic silences in speech It is shown that turn-taking is generally less precise than is often claimed by researchers in the field of conversation analysis or interactional linguistics These results are discussed in the light of their implications for models of timing in turn-taking and for interaction control models in speech technology In particular it is argued that the proportion of speaker changes that could potentially be triggered by information immediately preceding the speaker change is large enough for reactive interaction controls models to be viable in speech technology.
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| 5. |
- Heldner, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal effects of focus in Swedish
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 29:3, s. 329-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The four experiments reported concern the amount and domain of lengthening associated with focal accents in Swedish. Word, syllable and segment durations were measured in read sentences with focus in different positions. As expected, words with focal accents were longer than nonfocal words in general, but the amount of lengthening varied greatly, primarily due to speaker differences but also to position in the phrase and the word accent distinction. Most of the lengthening occurred within the stressed syllable. An analysis of the internal structure of stressed syllables showed that the phonologically long segments-whether vowels or consonants-were lengthened most, while the phonologically short vowels were hardly affected at all. Through this nonlinear lengthening, the contrast between long and short vowels in stressed syllables was sharpened in focus. Thus, the domain of focal accent lengthening includes at least the stressed syllable. Also, an unstressed syllable immediately to the right of the stressed one was lengthened in focus, while initial unstressed syllables, as well as unstressed syllables to the right of the first unstressed one, were not lengthened. Thus, we assume the domain of focal accent lengthening in Swedish to be restricted to the stressed syllable and the immediately following unstressed one.
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| 6. |
- Helgason, Pétur, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish quantity : Central Standard Swedish and Fenno-Swedish
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 41:6, s. 534-545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The durational realization of the Swedish complementary quantity contrast was investigated in monosyllabic and disyllabic target words in Central Standard Swedish and in Fenno-Swedish. Several systematic durational differences between the two varieties were observed, most of which can be summarized by stating that speakers of Fenno-Swedish exaggerate, in comparison to Central Standard Swedish speakers, the quantity contrast between the vowel in the stressed syllable and the following consonant, i.e. they make short segments shorter and long segments longer. This we explain as influence on Fenno-Swedish from Finnish, in which vowels and consonants have a binary quantity contrast independent of each other. In speaking and listening to Finnish, bilingual speakers of Fenno-Swedish have come to make larger durational distinctions than occur in Central Standard Swedish.
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| 7. |
- Helgason, Petur, et al.
(författare)
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Voicing and aspiration in Swedish stops
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 36:4, s. 607-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results of an investigation of voicing and aspiration in the speech of six Central Standard Swedish speakers with a view to providing an account of Swedish stop production. The data show that in utterance-initial position the two-way stop contrast is almost always realized as a contrast between prevoiced stops and postaspirated ones. Word-medially and -finally, the contrast is that of a fully voiced stop and, variably, an unaspirated or preaspirated stop. The female speakers show a greater tendency to preaspirate than the male speakers, and the male speakers have a greater tendency for prevoicing than the females. The commonly observed k>t>p ranking of aspiration duration is found for both preaspiration and postaspiration. Possible articulatory and aerodynamic reasons for these findings are discussed. The voicing vs. aspiration contrast that we observe in Swedish is one that has generally been considered to be typologically unusual. It is suggested that, in fact, such languages may not be as unusual as has been claimed in the literature, and that by increasing the level of phonetic detail in the description of stop contrasts in individual languages, the accuracy of typological statements concerning stop production can be improved.
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| 8. |
- Lindblom, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Dissecting coarticulation : How locus equations happen
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 40:1, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A programmatic series of studies aimed at expanding our understanding of coarticulation in V(1) . CV(2) sequences is presented. The common thread was examining coarticulatory dynamics through the prism of locus equations (LEs). Multiple experimental methodologies (articulatory synthesis, X-ray film, Principal Component Analysis, and extraction of time constants for F2 transitions), guided by a few theoretical assumptions about speech motor planning and control, were used to uncover the articulatory underpinnings responsible for the trademark acoustic form of LE scatterplots. Specific findings were: (1) the concept of a stop consonantal 'target' was quantitatively derived as a vowel-neutral, 'deactivated,' tongue contour; (2) the linearity of LEs is significantly enhanced by the uniformity of F2 transition time constants, which normalize with respect to F2 transition extents, and an inherent linear bias created by the smaller frequency range of [F2(onset) - F2(vowel)] relative to F2(vowel) frequencies; (3) realistic LE slopes and y-intercepts were derived by modeling different extents of V(2) overlap onto stop consonantal target shapes at closure; and (4) a conceptually simple model, viz. interpolation between successive articulatory target shapes, followed by derivation of their formant values expressed as LEs, came surprisingly close to matching actual LEs obtained from our speaker.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Traunmüller, Hartmut, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Audiovisual perception of openness and lip rounding in front vowels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 35, s. 244-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish nonsense syllables /gig/, /gyg/, /geg/ and /gøg/, produced by four speakers, were video-recorded and presented to male and female subjects in auditory, visual and audiovisual mode and also in cross-dubbed audiovisual form with incongruent cues to vowel openness, roundedness, or both. With audiovisual stimuli, subjects perceived openness nearly always by ear. Most subjects perceived roundedness by eye rather than by ear although the auditory conditions were optimal and the sensation was an auditory one. This resulted in fused percepts such as when an acoustic /geg/ dubbed onto an optic /gyg/ was predominantly perceived as /gøg/. Since the acoustic cues to openness are prominent, while those to roundedness are less reliable, this lends support to the “information reliability hypothesis” in multisensory perception: The perception of a feature is dominated by the modality that provides the more reliable information. A mostly male minority relied less on vision. The between-gender difference was significant. Presence of lip rounding (a visibly marked feature) was noticed more easily than its absence. The influence of optic information was not fully explicable on the basis of the subjects’ success rates in lipreading compared with auditory perception. It was highest in stimuli produced by a speaker who smiled.
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