| 1. |
- Lindberg, Jan Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Digestibility, nitrogen retention, gut environment and visceral organ size in Moo Lath and Large White growing pigs fed un-fermented and fermented cassava root pulp and soybean pulp
- 2018
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784 .- 2521-9952. ; 30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), nitrogen retention, gut environment and gut organ size was studied in Moo Lath (ML) and Large White (LW) growing pigs fed un-fermented and fermented cassava root pulp and soybean pulp. The experiment was arranged according to a 2 × 4 factorial design with two breeds (ML and LW pigs) and four diets (UCLP, FCMP, SPMP and SPHP). Diet UCLP was a low-protein diet with un-fermented cassava root pulp, diet FCMP was a medium-protein diet with fermented cassava root pulp, diet SPMP was a medium-protein diet with soybean pulp and diet SPHP was a high-protein diet with soybean pulp. A total of 32 pigs (16 ML and 16 LW), aged 2 months old were allocated to metabolism cages throughout 12 days comprising 7 days for adaptation and 5 days for data collection. All diets were fed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in LW than in ML pigs, and DMI was higher in diets SPMP and SPHP than in diets UCLP and FCMP. The ATTD of organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) did not differ between breeds. The ATTD of OM was highest on diet SPHP followed by diet SPMP and diets FCMP and UCLP. The ATTD of CP was highest on diet SPHP and lowest on diet UCLP with diets FCMP and SPMP being intermediate. Nitrogen (N) retention (g/day and % of N intake) differed between breeds, while N retention expressed as a proportion of N digested was similar between breeds. N retention (g/day and % of N intake) was highest in diet SPHP followed in descending order by diets SPMP, FCMP and UCLP. In contrast, N retention expressed as a proportion of N digested was highest in diet FCMP followed in descending order by diets SPHP, SPMP and UCLP. Empty stomach weight (g/kg body weight) was higher in ML than in LW pigs, while empty caecum weight (g/kg body weight), length (cm/kg body weight) of small intestine, caecum, colon + rectum and total intestinal length were greater for LW than ML pigs. In conclusion, fermenting cassava root pulp with a commercial yeast-product, rice bran and urea increased the CP content and improved the N digestibility and N retention in both ML and LW pigs. Moreover, N utilization (N retention in % of N digested) on the diet with fermented cassava root pulp was comparable to the diets supplemented with soybean pulp.
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| 2. |
- Ogle, Brian
(författare)
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Effect of feed selection and nutrient intake on the production performance of local and improved laying hens on small farms under scavenging conditions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784 .- 2521-9952. ; 28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An on – farm experiment was conducted at Binh Yen Hamlet, Long Hoa Village, Cantho Province in the South of Vietnam. A total of 60 Tam Hoang (TH) and 60 Tau Vang (TV) layers were equally divided between 6 small farms (10 TH and 10 TV on each) and were followed for 20 weeks of the laying period. The hens were allocated at random to 2 treatments in a 2 * 2 factorial experiment. The first factor was breed (Tam Hoang and Tau Vang), and the second factor diet, including: Mixed diet including maize meal, fish meal and roasted soya bean meal and with a supplement of oyster meal and bone meal; Separate diet, including the same feedstuffs but supplied separately in 3 feeders, and with oyster and bone meal mixed together with the maize meal. There were thus 4 treatments with 6 replications (farms) and with 5 birds per experimental unit (pen) and in total 20 hens per farm. Daily dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) intakes were 21 % higher for the improved Tam Hoang hens compared with the local Tau Vang hens. The hen–day production and mean egg weight were significantly different between breeds (P<0.001) and for the Tam Hoang were 30.1 % and 43.5 g respectively, compared with 23.9 % and 39.2 g, respectively, for the Tau Vang. However, there were no significant differences between treatments, and for the mixed and separate diets hen-day production and egg weights were 27.2 % and 41.4 g compared with 26.8 % and 41.4g, respectively. The feed consumption per kg eggs was not significantly different for both treatments and breeds. In addition, CP and ME/kg eggs were not significantly different between breeds, but were between treatments. CP and ME intakes were 602 and 633 g/kg eggs and 50.8 and 52.6 MJ/kg eggs for the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang hens, respectively (P>0.05). For the mixed and separate diets, CP and ME intakes were 681 and 553 g and 49.8 and 53.6 MJ / kg eggs, respectively (P<0.05). The hens from mixed and separate diet can get around 41 % and 44 %f the CP, 42 % and 35 % of the ME intakes (respectively) from the scavenging feed resource.
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| 3. |
- Ogle, Brian
(författare)
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Evaluation of the apparent digestibility of diets containing fish meal and tra catfish by-product residue meals in growing pigs
- 2018
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784 .- 2521-9952. ; 30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of diets with four different protein sources were determined in growing pigs. The four diets were based on cassava root meal as energy source. Control diet (FM) included marine fish meal as the main protein source, diet BM included broken meat catfish by-product meal, diet OE included oil extracted catfish by-product meal and diet BH included bone and head catfish by-product meal. The four diets were fed to four growing pigs in a 4x4 Latin Square design. There were differences among the diets in the CTTAD of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and ash, with the highest CTTAD of DM and CP in BM (87.8 % and 87.9 %, respectively) and the lowest in BH (77.5 % and 75.9 %, respectively) (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility of organic matter was highest in diet BH (91.3 %) (P<0.05), and lowest in diet FM (86.6 %) and diet OE (86.7 %). There was a significant negative relationship between apparent digestibility of CP and ash content in the diet (R2=0.95; P<0.05). It can be concluded that the total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract was highest in the diet with broken meat by-product meal and lowest in the diet with bone and head by-product meal.
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| 4. |
- Tarekegn, Getinet Mekuriaw
(författare)
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Performance evaluation of abergelle goat under community based breeding program in selected districts, Northern Ethiopia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784 .- 2521-9952. ; 30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to evaluate body weight and milk yield improvement under community based breeding program (CBBP) in Tanqua-Abergele and Ziquala districts of Northern Ethiopia. A total of 1540 progenies (1249 for body weight and 291 for milk yield) from base flocks and selected bucks were used to evaluate genetic improvements of selective breeding. General linear model procedures were employed to evaluate selective breeding progress based on body weight and milk yield of progenies of base flocks and selected bucks. The result revealed that birth weight of progenies of selected bucks (2.39±0.02 kg) were significantly (p<0.001) heavier than base flock progenies (2.17±0.02 kg). However, the weight improvement is not continued in the subsequent growth stages. The daily milk yield of progenies of selected bucks was 372±14.8 ml significantly (p<0.05) lower than base flock does (408±6.72 ml). Moreover, there was significant variation of daily milk yield (p<0.05) between the goat populations in the study districts (404±14.2 ml in Tanqua-Abergele and 375±7.10 ml in Ziquala) and seasons (403±11.2 ml in wet and 376±8.49 ml in dry). There was no considerable improvement observed on body weight and milk yield in the CBBP, which could be influenced by environmental factors or lack of proper implementation of the selective breeding program or it could be because of the few generations used for the study. However, the study also revealed slight improvement in the fourth year of selective breeding, indicating that breeding goals require selective breeding in successive generations to achieve success.
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| 5. |
- Taysayavong, Lotchana, et al.
(författare)
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Ensiling of fresh cassava root pulp and fresh soybean pulp with or without rice bran
- 2018
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784 .- 2521-9952. ; 30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rice bran inclusion on silage properties and nutrient content of fresh cassava root pulp (CRP) and fresh soybean pulp (SBP). The experiments were arranged according to a completely randomized design with 3 replications per treatment and incubation time. CRP and SBP were anaerobically fermented (ensiled) for 7 and 14 days with different inclusion levels of rice bran (0, 5, 10 and 20% on fresh weight basis). Sugar cane molasses (5% on fresh weight basis) was included in all treatments. For both CRP and SBP there was a gradual decrease in pH with time of ensiling. Inclusion of rice bran resulted in an elevation of pH in both CRP and SBP. Within level of rice bran inclusion dry matter (DM) content gradually increased with time of ensiling. DM content was gradually elevated with increasing inclusion of rice bran. In CRP the crude protein (CP) content gradually increased with time of ensiling, while there was a gradual decrease in CP content in SBP. Increasing inclusion of rice bran resulted in a gradual elevation of the crude protein (CP) content in CRP, while there was a reduction of CP content in SBP. Increasing inclusion of rice bran resulted in a gradual elevation of the NH3-N content in both CRP and SBP, and the NH3-N content within pulp source remained elevated during ensiling. The initial relative proportion of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-Nprop, % of total N) was different between CRP and SBP. Increasing inclusion of rice bran resulted in a gradual decline of the NH3-Nprop in CRP while there was a gradual elevation of the NH3-Nprop in SBP. The effect rice bran inclusion on NH3-Nprop within pulp remained during ensiling. The HCN content in CRP decreased with time of ensiling. In conclusion, ensiling cassava root pulp and soy bean pulp without inclusion of rice bran resulted in a pH (3.9-4.0) that should allow long-term storage with maintained silage quality. However, ensiling cassava root pulp and soy bean pulp with inclusion of more than 5% rice bran inclusion (fresh weight basis) resulted in a pH (>4.7) that was too high to inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria and cannot be recommended.
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| 6. |
- Bett, Cheruioyt Rawlynce
(författare)
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Optimisation of breeding schemes for litter size, lambing interval, body weight and parasite resistance for sheep in Kenya
- 2011
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784. ; 23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study optimised breeding schemes for litter size (LS), lambing interval (LI), body weight (BW) and gastrointestinal parasite resistance for sheep in Kenya. Selection for the breeding goal traits was performed in a conventional way using information on phenotypes only. For gastrointestinal parasite resistance, information on genetic makers was used, with faecal egg count (FEC) as an indicator trait. Selection for parasite resistance was partly based on field measurements and the possibilities for marker-assisted selection (MAS) were explored. Several selection schemes were defined based on whether a classical selection only was used (Latin number 1), a quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FEC was assumed to be available (2), that the correlation between FEC and BW was assumed to be positive (unfavourable-Roman I) or negative (favourable- II) and finally how FEC was included in the index (i.e., no inclusion (A), with FEC (B) or with FEC QTL (C-F)). The schemes with overlapping generations were evaluated using the computer program SelAction. Rams, ewes and total selection responses in US dollars ($) per animal, and rams’ and ewes’ accuracies for each scheme with a favourable or unfavourable correlation were estimated. The differences in total selection responses between schemes that did not include FEC in the selection index resulted in a response of $0.16 in scheme 1AI and $0.20 in scheme 1AII. In schemes 1BI and 1BII, FEC was included in the index. The responses in scheme 1BI and 1BII were $0.165 and $0.217, respectively. The increase in response in schemes II compared with schemes I was due to a favourable correlation between BW and FEC. The different FEC index traits had a different effect on economic response. It should be noted that increased emphasis on selection for FEC will reduce the relative responses to the breeding goal traits BW, LS and LI. Consequently, the goal of selection for FEC should be to maintain acceptable levels ofgastro-intestinalparasite resistance as well as sufficient improvement of LS and BW.
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| 7. |
- Bottani, Gabriela, et al.
(författare)
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Description of the production and management system of the Creole cattle from Pasorapa, Bolivia, a well-adapted population to harsh environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784. ; 31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creole cattle populations constitute an important reservoir of genes related to climate resilience and adaptation to harsh environments. During the last years, an unplanned crossbreeding process has threaten the genetic diversity of local Creole cattle populations in Bolivia, risking the conservation of valuable genes for the global animal genetic resources. Generation of reliable information about the production systems and management practices of local breeds, is a key first step for the development of conservation and breeding programs. With this purpose, open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires and interviews were performed with the participation of 81 smallholders from 11 communities of Pasorapa, Bolivia. Pasorapa Creole Cattle is a well-adapted breed to a xerophytic ecosystem, and a rearing system based in two stages, with cattle being released in the mountains for about 7 months across the year, and for the remaining time herded in the paddocks. Feeding strategies are based on crop residues and consumption of native plant species. High mortality rates are explained mainly by environmental factors such as predator attacks. Poor infrastructure, insufficient governmental support and deficient health management practices were found. Even though this cattle population is well adapted to cope with the challenging environmental conditions and management practices, more in depth studies are required to plan improvements on the implementation of the health scheme.
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| 8. |
- Ikwap, Kokas, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of pig production in Gulu and Soroti districts in northern and eastern Uganda
- 2014
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Ingår i: Livestock Research For Rural Development. - 0121-3784. ; 26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Owing to loss of cattle and goats during the recent civil unrest, pig farming has become popular in northern and eastern Uganda as a quick mitigation to poverty. This study was carried out to describe the characteristics of pig production in these regions. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 96 households (51 from Gulu district, northern Uganda and 45 from Soroti district, eastern Uganda) raising pigs with suckling and weaned piglets. The households were selected using the snowballing method. The households were predominantly headed by adult men, of which 97% had attended at least primary education. The mean numbers of suckling, weaned, growing and adult pigs per household in Gulu and Soroti were 8 and 7.3, 4.8 and 5.3, 2.3 and 2.6 and 3.1 and 3.1, respectively, with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the districts. Overall, the majority of households (64%, n=96) kept local breeds of pigs. The most common management method was tethering, as practiced by 67% of the study households. Home-made feeds were the most common (88%, n=96) and the wives/women provided much of the labour (60%, n=96). However, in only 23% of the households, women owned and made decisions on the pigs. Male children also owned and made decisions on pigs in 8% of the households. Natural breeding of sows with a shared boar was the most common practice (88%, n=96). The litter size at birth was 6 to 10 piglets in 78% (n= 96) of the households. Based on the clinical signs reported by the households, 38% and 23% of the herds experienced problems with diarrhoea and respiratory diseases, respectively. In total, 39% of the households were receiving professional veterinary care, when pigs fall sick. In conclusion, pig production around regional urban centers in northern and eastern Uganda is largely smallholder, practiced by farmers who have attended at least primary education, tether their pigs, depend on labour provided largely by housewives and there is inadequate veterinary care. The findings of this study point at a need for increased involvement of women in decision making in pig farming, increased pig veterinary care and investigation of the causes of diseases such as diarrhoea in order to support this major livelihood resource for the poor in northern and eastern Uganda, especially women and children.
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