| 1. |
- Abdulraheem, Salem, et al.
(författare)
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Hawthorne effect reporting in orthodontic randomized controlled trials : truth or myth? Blessing or curse?
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 40:5, s. 475-479
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To investigate in 10 orthodontic journals how many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) considered the Hawthorne effect, and if considered, to determine whether it was related to the patients or the therapists involved in the trial and, finally, to discuss the Hawthorne effect in an educational way. Materials and methods A search was performed on the Medline database, via PubMed, for publication type ‘randomized controlled trial’ published for each journal between 1 August 2007 and 31 July 2017. The American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Angle Orthodontist, Australian Orthodontic Journal, Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics, European Journal of Orthodontics, Journal of Orthodontics, Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, Korean Journal of Orthodontics, Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research and Progress in Orthodontics were assessed. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and identified whether the Hawthorne effect was considered or discussed in the articles and whether the Hawthorne effect was related to the behaviour of the patients, the therapists, or both. Results The initial search generated 502 possible trials. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 290 RCTs were included and assessed. The Hawthorne effect was considered or discussed in 10 of 290 RCTs (3.4%), and all were related to the patients’ and none to the therapists’ behaviour. Conclusions The Hawthorne effect reported in orthodontic RCTs was suboptimal. The researchers’ lack of knowledge about this phenomenon is evident, despite evidence that the Hawthorne effect may cause over-optimistic results or false-positive bias.
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| 2. |
- Abdulraheem, Salem, et al.
(författare)
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Teeth movement 12 years after orthodontic treatment with and without retainer : relapse or usual changes?
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 42:1, s. 52-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To identify if lower incisor movements after orthodontic treatment are due to the relapse of the orthodontic treatment or due to natural growth. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects consisted of 92 patients who have had orthodontic treatment, divided into three groups, group 1: 38 individuals had no retainer in the lower jaw. Group 2: 24 individuals had a retainer 0.028 inch, a spring hard wire bonded to the mandibular canines only. Group 3: 30 individuals had a 0.0195-inch Twist-Flex wire, bonded to all mandibular incisors and canines. Study models before orthodontic treatment (T0), immediately after orthodontic treatment (T1), 6 years after orthodontic treatment (T2), and 12 years after orthodontic treatment (T3) were used for the measurements. The wires in groups 2 and 3 were removed after mean 2.6 years (SD 1.49). Little Irregularity Index (LII), inter-canine distance, available mandibular anterior space, and number of crowded incisors were registered. A Tooth Displacement Index (TDI) was developed to measure the tooth displacement directions at T0 and T3. RESULTS: The LII showed equal values before treatment (T0) and at the follow-up registrations (T2 and T3). But about 25 per cent of the tooth displacements at T2 and T3 did not exist before treatment, at T0. This indicates usual growth changes and not relapse of the orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSION: As about 25 per cent of the displaced incisors can be considered as an effect of natural growth, not a relapse of the orthodontic treatment, it is valuable to use a displacement index in combination with other variables for investigations of stability after orthodontic treatment. Importance of the present study is that it is possible to differ between relapse and usual growth changes.
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| 3. |
- Abdulraheem, Salem, et al.
(författare)
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The reporting of blinding in orthodontic randomized controlled trials : where do we stand?
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford Academic. - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 41:1, s. 54-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To analyse in 10 orthodontic journals how many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed 'single-', 'double-', 'triple-', or 'outcome assessors blinding' and to evaluate, from the number of RCTs that did not conduct blinding, how many could actually have achieved it. Material and methods: Randomized controlled trials published in 10 orthodontic journals between 1 September 2012 and 28 February 2018 were included. A search was performed in PubMed and conducted for publication type 'randomized controlled trial' for each journal. Two reviewers independently analysed each RCT and registered that blinding was performed and included which specific type. It was also evaluated whether misclassifications of blinding items occurred and whether it was possible to achieve blinding among the RCTs that did not perform blinding. Results: After applying the inclusion criteria, 203 RCTs were assessed, and 61.6 per cent of them had used blinding, with the main type being 'outcome assessors blinding' (40.4%) followed by 'single-blinding' (15.3%), 'double-blinding' (2.5%), and 'triple-blinding' (3.4%). In 38.4 per cent of the trials, no blinding was performed; however, 79.4 per cent of them could have achieved blinding. Fifteen RCTs (7.3%) misclassified the blinding in relation to single-, double-, or triple-blinding. Journals followed the CONSORT (AJODO, EJO, JO, OCR) published together significantly more RCTs that performed blinding than journals not following the CONSORT. Conclusions: Blinding of outcome assessors was the most frequent type, as orthodontic trials are often of intervention design and thereby difficult to mask for patients and trial staff. The misclassifications of blinding items may indicate suboptimal knowledge among researchers and peer-reviewers regarding the definitions for diverse blinding types.
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| 4. |
- Abrahamsson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Masticatory function in patients with dentofacial deformities before and after orthognathic treatment : a prospective, longitudinal, and controlled study
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 37:1, s. 67-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the self-estimated masticatory ability and masticatory performance in patients with dentofacial deformities before and after orthognathic treatment; in comparison to an age- and gender-matched control group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The masticatory ability and masticatory performance were evaluated in 121 consecutive patients (treatment group), referred for orthognathic treatment. Eighteen months after treatment, 98 patients (81%) completed a follow-up examination. Masticatory ability was assessed on a visual analog scale, while the masticatory performance was evaluated by a masticatory test using round silicon tablets. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were registered by a clinical examination and a questionnaire. The control group comprised 56 age- and gender-matched subjects who were examined at baseline. RESULTS: At the baseline examination, the treatment group had a significantly lower masticatory ability and performance compared with the control group. After treatment, the masticatory ability significantly improved in the treatment group and reached the same level as in the control group. The masticatory performance index increased significantly but was still lower than in the control group. Both the masticatory ability and masticatory performance were affected by the number of occlusal contacts during maximal biting pressure and by the self-estimated overall symptoms of TMD. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with dentofacial deformities, corrected by orthognathic treatment, have a significant positive treatment outcome in respect of masticatory ability and masticatory performance. Furthermore, the occlusion and symptoms of TMD have an impact on both masticatory ability and masticatory performance.
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| 7. |
- Ahlqvist, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of projection errors on cephalometric length measurements
- 1986
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 8:3, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The magnitude of projection errors, calculated theoretically on length measurements in cephalometry was studied. Rotation of the object by up to 5° from the proper position, resulted in errors in length measurements that were usually less than one percent. Rotations of more than 5° may increase the error but imply misalignments of the head that should be evident when positioning the patient. The advantage of extremely long focus film distances seems doubtful.
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| 8. |
- Al-Taai, Nameer, et al.
(författare)
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Craniofacial changes from 13 to 62 years of age
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 44:5, s. 556-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In long-term studies of orthodontic, orthognathic, and prosthodontic treatments, control subjects are needed for comparison. Objectives To study the craniofacial (skeletal, soft tissue, and dental) changes that occur in untreated subjects with normal occlusion between 13 and 62 years of age. Materials/Methods Thirty subjects with a Class I normal occlusion and harmonious facial profile were studied. X-ray examinations were performed at 13 (T1), 16 (T2), 31 (T3), and 62 (T4) years of age, and data were obtained from cephalograms. In total, 53 angular and linear parameters were measured using superimposition-based and conventional cephalometric methods to describe the craniofacial changes. Results The jaws showed significant anterior growth from T1 to T2, and significant retrognathism from T3 to T4. The anterior face height and jaw dimensions increased significantly until T3. Significant posterior rotation of the mandible and opening of the vertical jaw relation, in addition to significant retroclination of the incisors and straightening of the facial profile, were found from T3 to T4. Limitations Given the small sample size at T4, it was not possible to analyse the gender dimension. Conclusions/Implications Craniofacial changes continue up to the sixth decade of life. These changes are consistent, albeit to a lesser extent, with the adolescent growth patterns for most of the studied parameters, with the exceptions of incisor inclination, sagittal jaw position, vertical jaw relation and inclination, and posterior face height.
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| 9. |
- Al-Taai, Nameer, et al.
(författare)
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Dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes after treatment of crowding with premolar extractions: a 50-year follow-up
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 45:1, s. 79-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The long-term effects on dentofacial morphology of interceptive treatment with premolar extractions, in the absence of subsequent orthodontic treatment, have not been fully explored. Objective The aim was to investigate the effects of premolar extractions (without subsequent orthodontic treatment) on the dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile of patients aged between 12 and 62 years with Class I malocclusion with severe crowding, as compared to untreated controls. Materials and methods The Extraction group (N = 30 with Class I crowding malocclusion) had their first premolars removed in early adolescence without subsequent orthodontic treatment. The Control group included 30 untreated subjects with Class I normal occlusion. Cephalograms were taken at 12 (T1), 15 (T2), 30 (T3), and 62 (T4) years of age. A superimposition-based cephalometric method was used to assess the dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes. Results There were no significant differences between the Extraction and Control groups in terms of skeletal sagittal relation, incisor inclination, and protrusion, or most of the soft tissue parameters throughout the observation period. However, significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to the vertical relations in T2-T3, such that the Extraction group showed more-pronounced decreases in the ML/NSL, ML/NL, and Gonial angles and more-pronounced increases in facial heights. Conclusions and implications Treatment for subjects with Class I malocclusion with severe crowding by the extraction of four premolars, without subsequent orthodontic treatment, does not affect the long-term dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile, as compared to an untreated Control group. The degree of crowding, rather than changes in dentofacial morphology, is crucial in deciding on extraction therapy.
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| 10. |
- Algharbi, Muteb, et al.
(författare)
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Do Different Maxillary Expansion Appliances Influence the Outcomes of the Treatment?
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 40:1, s. 97-106
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objectives: There is no consensus in the literature regarding which rapid maxillary expansion (RME) design or activation rate benefits the patients the most. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review was to see whether there is a difference in the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of different RME appliances in children and growing adolescents. The secondary aim was to see whether these effects are different when using different activation protocols for these appliances. Data collection and analysis: The search was done in three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science). The following inclusion criteria were used: randomized controlled trial, prospective controlled studies, 15 or more patients in each study, human subjects up to 18 years of age, and RME effects had to be assessed by computed tomography/cone beam computed tomography. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Quality of the methodology was classified according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines as high, moderate, or low. Results: The search resulted in 145 titles and abstracts; 109 of them were excluded based on pre-established criteria. Thirty-six full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 18 of which satisfied the inclusion criteria. Finally, seven articles were deemed eligible for full inclusion and revealed that all appliances and protocols showed significant expansion in the mid-palatal suture. No evidence was found for the cause of dental tipping. Limitations: In this systematic review, having different age groups in each study and using different anatomical landmarks and outcome measures for assessing the skeletal and dental effects made it difficult to conduct a meta-analysis. Conclusions: There is moderate evidence that all designs produce significant expansion at the mid-palatal suture. However, lack of studies comparing appliances and protocols has been found. Finally, no evidence-based conclusions could be drawn about the appliance effect on teeth tipping.
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