| 1. |
- Dermineur, Elise, 1982-
(författare)
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Rethinking Debt : The Evolution of Private Credit Markets in Preindustrial France
- 2018
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Ingår i: Social science history. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 42:2, s. 317-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on traditional private credit markets in eighteenth-century France through the examination of notarized loan deeds and to a lesser extent civil court records. It examines in particular how credit markets functioned and how they developed in the eighteenth century. It argues that traditional credit markets featured norms of solidarity, cooperation and fairness, and allowed considerable flexibility and input from both creditors and debtors. But in the middle of the eighteenth century, this market experienced several major changes. Not only did the volume of exchange and the number of notarized credit contracts dramatically increase, engendering a standardization of contracts and a greater resort to external institutions, but a new group of investors modified the traditional norms and practices of exchange. This paper concludes that the private credit market shifted from an institution in which input, negotiation and flexibility prevailed to a more rigid institution in which rules and rigour applied.
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| 2. |
- Galli, Stefania, 1989
(författare)
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Socioeconomic Status and Group Belonging: Evidence from Early-Nineteenth-Century Colonial West Africa
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social science history. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 46:2, s. 349-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study provides a novel analysis of occupational stratification in Sierra Leone from a historical perspective. By employing census data for early-nineteenth-century colonial Sierra Leone, the present study offers a valuable snapshot of a colony characterized by a heterogenous population of indigenous and migratory origin. The study shows that an association between colonial group categorization and socioeconomic status existed despite the colony being of very recent foundation implying a hierarchical structure of the society. Although Europeans and “mulattoes” occupied most high-status positions, as common in the colonies, indigenous immigrants were also represented in high socioeconomic strata thanks to the opportunities stemming from long- and short-distance trading. However, later arrivals, especially liberated slaves, belonged within the lowest socioeconomic strata of the society and worked as farmers or unskilled labor, suggesting that the time component may also have influence socioeconomic opportunities.
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| 3. |
- Gärtner, Svenja, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Unlocking the Social Trap: Inequality, Trust and the Scandinavian Welfare State
- 2016
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Ingår i: Social science history. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 40:1, s. 33-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research suggests that economic inequality thwarts attempts to establish a welfare state. The corollary of this view is that today’s welfare states had witnessed an equality revolution already before the rise of social policies aiming at redistribution. The paper brings this insight to bear on the creation of the welfare state in Sweden, for many the very model of a universal welfare state, and enquires into whether equality really predated the formation of universal welfare policies in the 1950s. We present evidence on inequality based on labor market outcomes and corroborate the view that there has been a sharp reduction in inequality during the 1930s and 1940s. Hence Sweden underwent a true equality revolution prior to the establishment of the welfare state. A leveling of incomes is a necessary precondition for the rise of the universal welfare state, we suggest, because of trust, which correlates negatively with inequality. High trust levels solve the problems associated with collective goods and boosts support for universal solutions of income security. The paper provides a narrative in which the formation of institutions, the removal of large income differentials, and the creation of higher trust levels interacted in the 1930s and 1940s to form the foundation for the welfare state in the 1950s. It adopts a dynamic view of trust by departing from the assumption that trust arises endogenously as a concomitant to changes in the underlying fundamentals like income inequality and redesigned institutional frameworks.
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| 4. |
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| 6. |
- Jansson, Birgitta, 1959
(författare)
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Changes in Disposable Personal Income and the Gender Personal Income Gap in Sweden, 1983–2010: A Study of Three Different Income Positions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Social science history. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 44:2, s. 381-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, the Swedish economy has been characterized by rather fast economic growth. At the same time, income inequality has increased substantially. In the present study, I investigated who has gained and who has been left behind during this period—how disposable personal income has changed for men and women, as well as for those in different positions in the income distribution. Register data for the total population (aged 20 to 80 years old) from 1983 to 2010 were used and three different positions in the income distribution were investigated: percentile 10, the median, and percentile 99. Five years were selected: 1983, 1991, 2000, 2006, and 2010. Each selected year represents a snapshot and describes the general trend. Results show that women in the 10th percentile have increased their income quite well, a result of increased female labor force participation during the period. This has led to a decrease of the income gap between genders within this group. But results also show a masculinization of low income and poverty, as the male incomes in this group have not increased to the same extent as for males in the other income groups. At the median, both men and women experienced a steady increase of incomes, but the gender gap for ages younger than 50 widened between 2000 and 2010. At the very top, percentile 99, the increase in disposable personal income was enormous; however, the gender gap in income did not decrease.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ottosson, Anders, 1967
(författare)
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Androphobia, Demasculinization, and Professional Conficts: The Herstories of the Physical Therapy Profession Deconstructed
- 2016
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Ingår i: Social science history. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 40:3, s. 433-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the beginning of the physical therapy profession in different countries often identifies it as a traditional female occupation. Its original semiprofessional character is also pointed out. It lacked professional attributes with masculine connotations, such as a high degree of autonomy and a unique scientific body of knowledge. But on all accounts this understanding is wrong. Originally the profession was an occupation for men only, who were very professionally independent and in charge of a state-sanctioned science of their own. Yet no modern physical therapists know about this, and neither do scholars studying the profession's origin. Why is that? The aim of this article is to highlight the gender mechanisms shaping a discourse strong enough to change our historical consciousness, in this case preventing us from seeing the masculine context out of which the physical therapy profession grew. The analysis explaining the phenomenon centers on two gender-altering and conflict-laden processes, one that was homosocial (men against men) and one that was heterosocial (women against men). Common to both was that they were ultimately powered by a fear of masculinity, here conceptualized as androphobia. Simplified the physical therapy profession came to be perceived as too masculine, and due to this its excess of masculinity was actively eliminated from the profession even in physical form (read: males). The profession was demasculinized and the same happened to its old history, which made the latter unwanted and finally obscured behind new herstories.
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| 9. |
- Sandström, Glenn, et al.
(författare)
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Socio-economic determinants of divorce in Sweden 1960-1965
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social science history. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 38:2, s. 127-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 1960s in Sweden, socio-economic differentials decreased sharply at the same time as the labor force participation of married women and aggregate divorce rates increased more rapidly than during any other period of the twentieth century. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the socio-economic composition of the couple influenced the probability of divorce during this period of rapid restructuring. The study uses a large dataset covering the entire married population of Sweden in 1960 and applies a binary model whereby the couples are analyzed as units rather than separate individuals to model divorce during the period 1960-1965. The main results show that the equalization process between genders and social classes during this period contributed to the decrease in marital stability. Dual-provider families exhibit substantially higher probabilities of divorce as compared to traditional single-provider families. We also find that the socio-economic gradient of divorce had become negative by the early 1960s and that couples with low socio-economic status contributed more to the increase in divorce than did couples in the higher strata. A difference between the results reached in this study and those from divorce research covering later decades is that children do not reduce the probability of divorce when the wife's labor force participation is controlled for. The results indicate that the determinants of divorce have varied across different phases of the divorce transition during the twentieth century and that a historical perspective is necessary if we are to understand the long-term process that has produced current marital behavior.
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| 10. |
- Svensson, Lars
(författare)
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Explaining equalization - Political institutions, market forces, and reduction of the gender wage gap in Sweden, 1920-95
- 2003
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Ingår i: Social Science History. - : Duke University Press. - 0145-5532 .- 1527-8034. ; 27:3, s. 371-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes and explains the movement of female relative wages in Sweden from 1920 to 1995. During this period the aggregate gender wage gap shrunk from 41 to 15%. The bulk of the change took place in two periods: 1920 to 1940 and 1960 to 1980. With regard to determining factors, the analysis distinguishes between the period before 1960, when the rise in the female relative wage was the result of employment shafts, and after 1960, when wage structure change was the prime determinant. In the interwar period, women moved from low-paid to better-paid jobs, notably in trade and commerce and public services, as legal and administrative reforms opened up the public sector to women and educational reforms raised the educational level of the female labor force. The most rapid change in the gender wage gap occurred at a time when the solidaristic wage policy doctrine was embraced by the blue-collar trade unions and formed the basis of claims in wage negotiations. This study suggests, however, that excess demand for female labor rather than egalitarian ambitions of strong trade unions was the decisive factor behind the rapid reduction of the gender gap. Likewise, supply and demand shifts may well explain why the female relative wage stagnated from the late 1970s. These observations add up to the somewhat unorthodox conclusion that institutions were Of primary importance for female relative wage development in the interwar period, while market forces played the leading role after 1960.
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