| 1. |
- Sørensen, Majken Jul
(författare)
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Humor as a Serious Strategy of Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression
- 2008
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 33:2, s. 167-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores how humor can be used as one aspect of a strategy of nonviolent resistance to oppression and dictatorship. It combines sociological and philosophical theories about humor's duality and incongruity with theories of nonviolent resistance to oppression in order to investigate the links between topics that have previously been considered unrelated. Experiences from the Serbian Otpor movement, which used humorous actions as a part of its strategy to bring down Slobodan Milošević from power, serve to illustrate the dynamics of humor as a form of resistance. Empirical examples and existing theory are combined to make an outline of an innovative theory of the functions of humor in nonviolent resistance.
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| 2. |
- Götz, Norbert
(författare)
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Matts Mattson Paavola knows Elihu Burritt” : A Transnational Perspective on Nineteenth-Century Peace Activism in Northern Europe
- 2010
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : Wiley. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 35:2, s. 191-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing research on Scandinavian peace activism has largely been guided by a traditional nation-state perspective and an institutionalist outlook. This view puts the starting point of Scandinavian peace activism in the 1880s, the time when the first peace associations were established in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The article at hand demonstrates that a new chapter to the history of Nordic peace activism can be added, covering the period from 1843 to the early 1880s. This is achieved by applying a transnational perspective on nineteenth-century peace activism that redirects the focus from national accomplishments and movements to individuals and transnational networks, as well as to the dissemination of ideas on peace.
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| 3. |
- Ogawa, Akihiro
(författare)
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Peace, a Contested Identity : Japan’s Constitutional Revision and Grassroots Peace Movements
- 2011
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : Wiley. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 36:3, s. 373-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an ethnographic account of peace in contemporary Japanese society, focusing on the ongoing political agenda—the revision of Japan’s Constitution. For the Japanese people, pacifism is a culturally embedded concept that has defined their social and political lives during the post-World War II era. It has shaped Japanese individual and group identities, social relations, and practices. This article explores the ways in which peace represents a set of contested identities constructed through politics at the state level as well as through everyday life at the individual level. Peace is not a fixed concept nor can it be defined only by the state or authorities. The dynamic process of identity construction is examined through distinct narratives generated by both pro-revisionists and grassroots anti-revisionists on the Constitution.
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| 4. |
- Sørensen, Majken Jul, et al.
(författare)
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Nonviolent Resistance and Culture
- 2012
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 37:3, s. 444-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates what culture means for nonviolent resistance. While literature on nonviolence has had a tendency to look instrumentally at culture, this article suggests an intertwined relationship. Activists are themselves embedded in their own cultures, and there is no “outside culture.” The authors suggest an innovative model of three strategies for analyzing the cultural aspects of a nonviolent struggle: (1) occasionally borrowing existing powerful symbols and cultural elements, such as flags or religious symbols, which is then applied; (2) partially remodeling“old” culture in the spirit of nonviolence. This strategy is illustrated through the Khudai Khidmatgar of the North-West Frontier Province in the 1930s and shows how the nonviolent struggle there, was “negotiated” with Islam and a traditional code of honor; and finally, (3) systematically creating a nonviolent movement culture, which is a much more complex process, is illustrated through the movement for landless workers in Brazil, the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra.
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| 5. |
- Denskus, Tobias
(författare)
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From Social Movement to Ritualized Conference Spaces : The Evolution of Peace Research Professionalism in Germany
- 2016
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 41:3, s. 302-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article employs anthropological ritual theory and the concepts of symbolism and liminality to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing ethnographic insights into the academic peace research community in Germany. Using secondary sources for a broader historical outline, I analyze the evolution of peace research discourses in Germany from the beginnings as a new social movement to a contemporary professionalized policy space in which knowledge discourses are (re)produced. Academic conferences and the routines around presenting theoretical papers have become institutionalized by the ritual dynamics of a small group of organizers and venues, fostering “indoor rituals” that represent transformations of the activities of the “outdoor” peace movement that was active in postwar Germany for many decades.
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| 6. |
- Jarstad, Anna, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Making and keeping promises : regime type and power-sharing pacts in peace agreements
- 2018
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 43:2, s. 178-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Power sharing is increasingly recognized as an important tool for creating sustainable peace in war-torn societies. However, we have limited knowledge concerning why political, territorial, and military power-sharing pacts are reached and implemented. This article addresses this gap by providing a global study examining the signing and implementation of powersharing pacts in intrastate armed conflicts. We focus on how the type of political regime can influence these choices and theorize about the strategic incentives for warring parties in different types of regimes to sign and implement different pacts. Our large-N analysis is based on data on power-sharing provisions in eighty-three peace accords in forty intrastate armed conflicts between 1989 and 2004. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that political and military pacts are more likely to be signed in autocracies, whereas territorial pacts are more common in democracies. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no difference in the implementation patterns across regimes.
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| 7. |
- Kreutz, Joakim, 1973-
(författare)
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New Rebels in Postconflict Settings : The Principal-Agent Dilemma of Peacebuilding
- 2018
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : Wiley. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 43:2, s. 218-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the processes that lead to different types of civil war outbreak in postconflict societies, combining quantitative analysis with case studies of Myanmar and Sierra Leone to disaggregate situations in which former rebels resume fighting from those when new rebels emerge in the postconflict environment. The analysis, based in principal–agent theory, illuminates how relations between the government and ex‐rebel elites, group cohesion among rebels, and the relationship between the government and the ex‐combatants all can lead to resumed civil war. Its findings suggest that victories and settled conflicts are the most important outcome for preventing conflict recurrence by former rebels, but do not prevent the rise of new insurgencies. Moreover, the absence of government repression emerges as the factor most likely to reduce the risk of new rebellion.
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| 8. |
- Svensson, Isak, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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From Revolution to Resolution: : Exploring Third‐Party Mediation in Nonviolent Uprisings
- 2018
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 43:3, s. 271-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonviolent protest movements have been prevalent in the last decades. While such movements aim for peaceful change, they are frequently followed by civil war. Previous research has shown that outcomes of nonviolent protests can be influenced by mediation, but because most previous research on conflict mediation has predominately examined armed conflicts, little is known about when and how mediation occurs. We argue that mediation in nonviolent uprisings is more likely when social conflicts generate negative externalities for the outside world, incentivizing third parties to act and conflict parties to accept their terms. After assessing the scope of the empirical field and identifying anchoring points for future research, we examine data on nonviolent campaigns between 1970 and 2014, investigating patterns in mediation incidence across time and space by situational characteristics, and by the origins of the mediator. We find that protest movements with a higher risk of violent escalation, marked by radicalism or state repression, are more likely to be mediated, and that mediation of nonviolent disputes has shifted from domestic to international mediators. We conclude by discussing theoretical implications for the field as well as suggesting some important policy and practice implications for the mediation of nonviolent conflicts.
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| 9. |
- Sørensen, Majken Jul
(författare)
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Laughing All the Way to Social Change : Humor and Nonviolent Action Theory
- 2017
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 42:1, s. 128-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Activists in both dictatorships and democracies use humor as a method of nonviolent resistance, and its special way of appealing to emotions and imagination through ambiguity frequently sets it apart from other forms of nonviolent action. This study analyzes three examples from twentieth‐century Sweden of the political uses of humor according to the ability of each to facilitate dialogue, break power, serve as an utopian enactment, and be a normative regulation. In these cases, humor is found to have a particular ability to break the power of dominant discourses, because their ambiguity makes them ideal as “guerrilla attacks” in the ongoing discursive guerrilla war the activists are waging.
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| 10. |
- Sørensen, Majken Jul, et al.
(författare)
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The Dilemma Action : Analysis of an Activist Technique
- 2014
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 39:1, s. 73-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When nonviolent activists design an action that poses a dilemma for oppo-nents—for example whether to allow protesters to achieve their objectiveor to use force against them with consequent bad publicity—this is calleda dilemma action. These sorts of actions have been discussed among acti-vists and in activist writings, but not systematically analyzed. We presenta preliminary classification of different aspects of dilemma actions andapply it to three case studies: the 1930 salt march in India, a jail-in usedin the Norwegian total resistance movement in the 1980s, and the free-dom flotillas to Gaza in 2010 and 2011. In addition to defining what isthe core of a dilemma action, we identify five factors that can make thedilemma more difficult for opponents to “solve.” Dilemma actions derivesome of their effectiveness from careful planning and creativity that pushopponents in unaccustomed directions.
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