| 1. |
- Adjei, Nicholas Kofi, et al.
(författare)
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Childbearing Behavior Before and After the 1994 Population Policies in Ghana
- 2017
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 36:2, s. 251-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the high population growth rate in the mid-20th century, the government of Ghana introduced population policies to reduce the growth rate. Encouraging girls' education and increasing contraceptive use were the two main policy measures to reduce population growth. In order to get a clear picture of the childbearing dynamics of Ghanaian women in response to the population policy of 1994, we analyzed individual reproductive histories from 1969 to 2003 using 2003 Ghana Demographic Health survey data to disentangle patterns by parity, calendar period, and educational groups. Exponential hazard regression models were used to estimate the relative risk of births. We find some evidence of a critical juncture in fertility trends, particularly for the fifth child. In addition, higher parity transition rates continuously declined for women with secondary or higher education and these educational levels were achieved by a higher share of the population after the policy was implemented. The 1994 population policy was successful if only by virtue of the increasing number of women with secondary or higher education. Belonging to this group is not only associated with lower fertility, but this suppressing effect strengthened in the years following the policy implementation. We also suspect that the increasing similarity between women with no education and with primary education reflects the diffusion of contraceptive knowledge and norms related to childbearing. The educational reform and contraceptive initiatives did result in increased education and contraceptive awareness and are therefore beneficial programs.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Linus
(författare)
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The Role of Gender Differences in Partnering and Re-partnering for Gender Differences in Completed Fertility
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 42:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individuals increasingly enter a series of relationships during their reproductive years. As births in higher-order unions increase, fertility becomes partially contingent on re-partnering. Previous research suggests that men re-partner at higher rates than women. This study analyzes whether gender differences in partnering and re-partnering influence gender differences in cohort fertility. We use Finnish register data on all births, marriages, and cohabitations between the ages of 18 and 47 over four full birth cohorts. The gender differences in cohort fertility rate are decomposed into components due to birth rate differences and a compositional component owing to gender differences in the share partnered and re-partnered. We observe no impact of “re-partnering premium” on male fertility. Men have marginally higher re-partnering rates at older ages, when birth rates are low, whereas women have higher rates of partnering and re-partnering at prime childbearing ages. This compositional effect drives a “partnering” advantage for female fertility. This connection between gender differences in partnering and cohort fertility is true across educational levels.
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| 3. |
- Andrén, Daniela, 1968-
(författare)
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First Exits from the Swedish Labor Market Due to Disability
- 2008
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 27:2, s. 227-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of disability exits has been increasing in recent years, raising questions both about the well being of affected individuals, and about how to finance the related disability pensions. Using a longitudinal database owned by the Swedish National Social Insurance Board, this study analyzes the risk to exit into disability at a certain age, assuming that people remained in the labor force until that age. The estimates show that it was more than 7% higher for each 100 days of sickness, but was lower with each additional sickness spell. It was also higher for increments of 1% in the regional unemployment rate. These results suggest that more resources should be allocated for prevention, improving working conditions and designing the tasks of each job so as avoid overuse of employees working capacity.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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| 4. |
- Billingsley, Sunnee, 1976-
(författare)
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The Post-Communist Fertility Puzzle
- 2010
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 29:2, s. 193-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fertility has unanimously declined across the entire post-communist region. This study explores the variation in fertility trends over time among these countries and assesses to what degree three explanations are applicable: second demographic transition (SDT), postponement transition (PPT) or reaction to the economic crisis. Moreover, on the basis of SDT and PPT theoretical tenets, as well as descriptive evidence, the economic context is hypothesized to be linked to two processes of fertility decline conversely. The results show that no one theoretical explanation is sufficient to explain the complex fertility declines across the entire post-communist region from 1990 to 2003. In some countries, a great part of the decline in fertility occurred before significant postponement of childbearing began, which indicates that the dramatic decline was due to stopping behavior or postponement of higher order births. Postponement of first births, either through PPT or SDT processes, greatly contributed to fertility decline in a small number of countries. Pooled cross-sectional time-series analyses of age-specific birthrates confirm that these two distinct processes are present and show that the economic crisis explanation has explanatory power for declining birth rates. In contrast, logistic regressions show that the likelihood of postponing childbirth increases with improved economic conditions. These results confirm the importance of taking the economic context into account when discussing explanations for fertility decline. More specifically, the results indicate that the severity and duration of economic crisis, or absence thereof, influenced the extent and manner in which fertility declined.
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| 5. |
- Duvander, Ann-Zofie, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of a Reform Towards Shared Parental Leave on Continued Fertility in Norway and Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 39, s. 1205-1229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been argued that a generous family policy aimed at a gender-equal division of childcare and economic responsibility will have a positive impact on childbearing. In this study, we investigate whether fathers' parental leave use is related to continued childbearing and whether there has been a policy effect on fertility behavior due to the introduction of the father's quota in Norway and Sweden. Fathers' parental leave use may affect fertility by easing women's work burden at home and thus enhancing the degree of compatibility between childrearing and female employment, and it may increase fathers' interest in children and childcare. To distinguish causality from selection in the effects observed, we use the natural experiment of the introduction of the father's quotas. The results indicate that the reforms did not influence fertility in Norway but that Swedish couples with a lower income had a temporary higher third-birth risk. Fathers in this group showed the greatest increase in leave use after the reform.
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| 6. |
- Erlandsson, Anni
(författare)
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Child Home Care Allowance and the Transition to Second- and Third-Order Births in Finland
- 2017
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 36:4, s. 607-630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using register data from the Finnish Census Panel, this paper studies the relationship between the use of the child home care allowance and second and third births among women aged 20-44 in Finland during the period 1992-2007. Discrete-time event-history analysis is applied to examine (i) whether women taking up the child home care allowance while their previous child was under the age of 3 have a higher risk to proceed to subsequent childbearing, (ii) whether these women proceed to a further birth more quickly, and (iii) whether the risk to proceed to a subsequent birth is related to educational level. The results show that women using the allowance have a higher risk of having a second and a third birth than women not using it. The risk of having a second birth is higher than that of having a third birth. Also, women using the allowance get their subsequent child sooner than women not using the allowance. No large educational differences in the effect of allowance use are found for second or third births.
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| 7. |
- Helgertz, Jonas
(författare)
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Pre- to Post-Migration Occupational Mobility of First Generation Immigrants to Sweden from 1970-1990: Examining the Influence of Linguistic Distance
- 2013
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Ingår i: Population Research and Policy Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 32:3, s. 437-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article examines the influence of linguistic distance on the labor market outcomes of a sample of 5,041 first generation immigrants in Sweden between 1970 and 1990. The article exploits register data from the Swedish Longitudinal Database, examining a population of individuals from 11 non-Nordic countries of origin. The analysis focuses on the transition to the Swedish labor market, comparing the last occupation before migration with the first occupation after, measured by the ISEI score. Using OLS regression, the results finds important differences in the initial labor market outcomes that are linked to the individual's linguistic distance. More specifically, individuals proficient in languages belonging to the same language family as Swedish and familiar with the Latin alphabet are found to enjoy an advantage in the initial transition to the Swedish labor market. This finding exists net of the influence of the individual's region of origin, and is particularly accentuated among formally highly skilled males. This appears to confirm the comparatively large demands for destination-specific skills in high-status occupations, favoring linguistically more proximate individuals. Among females, no consistent advantage among the linguistically most proximate can be observed among the formally highly skilled, potentially explained by differing selection mechanisms into the labor market. In general, however, the mechanisms through which linguistic distance affects the individual's initial occupation in Sweden appear to operate similarly along gender lines.
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| 8. |
- Hernández-Yumar, Aránzazu, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of the Economic Crisis on Body Mass Index in Spain : An Intersectional Multilevel Analysis Using a Socioeconomic and Regional Perspective
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population Research and Policy Review. - : Springer. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 42:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Great Recession hit Spain deteriorating the living conditions of many Spanish people, increasing the prevalence of several chronic health issues, including obesity, and affecting health inequalities. We analyse the impact of this economic crisis on body mass index (BMI) disparities in Spain, from two perspectives: the socioeconomic and the territorial, through the application of an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy. We use data from the Spanish National Health Surveys of 2006/2007, 2011/2012 and 2016/2017 to build multilevel linear regression models and estimate BMI averages and components of variance. We find a greater increase in the overall average BMI and a widening of the socioeconomic disparities during the hardest years of the crisis. However, these differences decreased when the economic situation in the country began to improve. Both socioeconomic and geographical information contribute to mapping the distribution of BMI in the population. However, according to the ICC values, considering the regional perspective provides a better understanding of the distribution of the BMI, during the period of economic crisis, in the Spanish population. Therefore, regional policies can play an important role in counteracting obesity in times of crisis.
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| 9. |
- Jalovaara, Marika, et al.
(författare)
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Disparities in Children's Family Experiences by Mother's Socioeconomic Status : The Case of Finland
- 2018
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 37:5, s. 751-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A well-known argument claims that socioeconomic differentials in children's family structures have become increasingly important in shaping child outcomes and the resources available to children in developed societies. One assumption is that differentials are comparatively small in Nordic welfare states. Our study examines how children's experiences of family structures and family dynamics vary by their mother's educational attainment in Finland. Based on register data on the childbearing and union histories of women in Finland born from 1969 onwards, we provide life-table estimates of children's (N = 64,162) experiences of family dissolution, family formation, and family structure from ages 0-15 years, stratified by mother's education level at the child's birth. We find huge socioeconomic disparities in children's experiences of family structures and transitions. Compared to children of highly educated mothers, children of mothers with low levels of education are almost twice as likely to be born in cohabitation and four times as likely to be born to a lone mother. They are also much more likely to experience further changes in family structure-particularly parental separation. On average, children of low-educated mothers spend just half of their childhood years living with both their parents, whereas those of high-educated mothers spend four-fifths of their childhood with both parents. The sociodemographic inequalities among children in Nordic welfare states clearly deserve more scholarly attention.
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| 10. |
- Kolk, Martin, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Sex Selection for Daughters : Demographic Consequences of Female-Biased Sex Ratios
- 2022
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Ingår i: Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-5923 .- 1573-7829. ; 41:4, s. 1619-1639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern fertility techniques allow parents to carry out preimplantation sex selection. Sex selection for non-medical purposes is legal in many high-income countries, and social norms toward assisted reproductive technology are increasingly permissive and may plausibly become increasingly prevalent in the near future. We explore possible outcomes of widely observed daughter preferences in many high-income countries and explore the demographic consequences of the adoption of sex selection for daughters. While concerns over son preference have been widely discussed, sex selection that favors female children is a more likely outcome in high-income countries. If sex selection is adopted, it may bias the sex ratio in a given population. Male-biased populations are likely to experience slower population growth, which limits the long-term viability of corresponding cultural norms. Conversely, female-biased populations are likely to experience faster population growth. Cultural norms that promote female-biased sex ratios are as a consequence therefore also self-reinforcing. In this study, we explore the demographic consequences of a female-biased sex ratio for population growth and population age structure. We also discuss the technology and parental preferences that may give rise to such a scenario.
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